Collections INF

This subject focuses on the provision of appropriate Information resources for organizations and communities, with particular emphasis on the hardcopy and electronic materials required to achieve the goals of libraries, Information agencies and related organizations.It will also address the concept of tacit and explicit knowledge collections and the role of institutional repositories. Attention is given to the assessment of needs, selection, acquisition, evaluation, deselecting of resources and consortia, and issues such as policy formulation, budgeting, cooperative resource provision, outsourcing, preservation, electronic publishing and space planning.Introduction INFIX 0 focuses on the resources that librarians, archivists, record keepers and other information professionals make available and accessible to their clients, with reticular emphasis on how these materials are identified, selected, acquired, evaluated and removed when no longer of value. In the past, subjects of this kin d have been concerned mainly with printed materials, but in more recent years digital objects (any digital file of whatever type – a word document, email, database, video clip and so on, is commonly called an ‘object') have become at least as important as print materials.In the weeks ahead both types of materials will receive considerable attention. As you will see, the subject covers a lot of territory. This means a lot of org, and your task will probably be a lot easier and more palatable if you are able to work at a steady pace through the modules in Interact and associated readings, rather than neglecting the subject for two or three weeks and then attempting to absorb several topics in a day or two. If you do work at It fairly steadily, you should not find the concepts particularly difficult to absorb and understand.But the relevant area Is rapidly developing, largely because of the revolution In electronic resources that has been proceeding for some years. It does require an openness to new Ideas. It Is recommended that you supplement what you read here by examining recent Issues of journals and by monitoring Internet sites, and If you find yourself working In this field you really will need to make a conscious effort to keep up with new developments.However, this subject does aspire to provide a self-contained Introduction at a basic level. The subject now before you is a varied one with many possibilities for further study student who found nothing at all of interest. We hope you find this an interesting and stimulating subject, providing broad brush contexts and paradigms within which the ore practical focus exists. Both aspects are important to understand the work and how it fits in the broader information environment.Your Subject Outline The University, Faculty and School policies, regulations and procedures frame your studies detailing your rights and expectations, your requirements and the procedures necessary for successful Charles S trut University Subject Outline INFANT 201230 W D-30 January 2012-version 1 page 2 of 15 navigation through your studies. It is important for you to read all this information and clarify any issues with your Subject Coordinator.Faculty and School policies are published online in the Faculty/School Folio. Http://www. CSS. Deed. AU/faculty/educate/ folio/folio. HTML Your subject coordinator Robert Pym Academic biography Bob Pym has worked in libraries and related cultural institutions for more than 20 years. From 1993 until early 2005, he worked for the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra, latterly as the manager of their Collection Development area.During this time Bob taught on a casual basis at the University of Canberra and Canberra Institute of Technology. His teaching interests include: collection development – leslies, selection and retention; preservation of digital materials; popular culture and libraries; and audio visual materials. Bob's PhD is in the area of Australian popular fiction and its preservation and he is interested in researching the role of popular culture materials and their place in documenting society.Subject author(s) John Kennedy, Bob Pym and Sue Terry Learning objectives – be able to discuss critically the means of assessing information needs of communities and organizations; – be able to participate in the development of an information resources policy; – be able to provide an overview of the range of information resources available; – demonstrate an appreciation of issues relating to the selection and deselecting of information resources; – display an understanding of the nature of acquisitions work as it relates to information resources in traditional and digital form and the formation of knowledge- based collections; – be able to outline the development of virtual information resources and participate in an informed consideration of the merits of such resources; – d emonstrate an understanding of the role of consortia in the provision of information resources; – demonstrate an understanding of how information agencies represent themselves in a digital world; – have developed a clear understanding of the role of institutional repositories and the policies and practices necessary to ensure their success; and – be able to discuss critically managerial issues such as censorship, budgeting, outsourcing and cooperative resource provision. All CSS courses leading to the award of Bachelor degree will foster in their graduates the attributes set out below. CSS graduate attributes build students' capacity to contribute to their community and to the wider society.

Mysterious Death of Dimmesdale Essay

One could say that Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is poisoned, or that he merely died of guilty conscience. In the Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Reverend Dimmesdale commits adultery with Hester Prynne, and so she bears a child. Dimmesdale does not admit his sin to the people in the community. Keeping the sin a secret for as long as he does creates guilt and suffering which manifests in him until his death. Chillingworth is Hester’s husband who is symbolic of a leech because he lives off of Dimmesdale for a â€Å"host† making Dimmesdale’s life miserable in order to retaliate. Dr. Kahn suggests that Chillingworth poisoned Dimmesdale over a long period of time; there were references to Deadly Nightshade, and shows symptoms of the use of Atropine. Atropine is a drug that comes from a plant called Deadly Nightshade, or Belladonna (Fair-weather). Poisonous plants and symptoms are arguable reasons for Dimmesdale’s death by Dr. Kahn. However, Dr. Kahnâ€℠¢s theory that Dimmesdale is poisoned by atropine is false, and Dimmesdale’s death is caused by a prolonged depression brought on by guilt. Dr. Kahn suggests that Reverend Dimmesdale’s death is because Chillingworth has been poisoning him with Atropine in small amounts for a very long time. â€Å"Dimmesdale’s symptoms developed over a prolonged period, indicating that they are probably the result of chronic poisoning† (Kahn). Although Dr. Kahn argues that Chillingworth poisons Dimmesdale with atropine, and or deadly herbs, there is not enough evidence to prove this idea true. â€Å"You wrong yourself in this†¦you have deeply and sorely repented† (Hawthorne 173). Hester is telling Dimmesdale that he has been punishing himself for his sin even though it has long past. The sin and guilt that has been festering in Dimmesdale is too much for him to handle. â€Å"Continual presence of Roger Chillingworth, — the secret poison of malignity, infecting all the air about him†¦these bad opportunities had been turned to a cruel purpose† (Hawthorne 174). Although it may seem as though Hawthorne is describing Dimmesdale being poisoned by Chillingworth, Hawthorne is simply describing the mental  torture that Chillingworth puts Dimmesdale through. It shows the effects of Chillingworth living with Dimmesdale. Hester knows that this is a bad environment for Dimmesdale because Chillingworth is making Dimmesdale feel even worse about himself, and he is also depressed. Dimmesdale does not even realize his motives. Instead of Kahn’s theory of how Chillingworth poisoned him for a long period of time, it is more likely that Dimmesdale died of a prolonged period of stress and torture that came with the guilt of his sin. Dr. Kahn also makes references to poisonous plants throughout the Scarlet Letter. However, the references to poisonous plants may very well just be added description, or an interest the author might have. â€Å"in due course of time, would be seen deadly nightshade, dogwood, henbane, and whatever else of vegetable wickedness the climate could produce† (Hawthorne 158). Hawthorne does mention the poisonous plants, and also relates the plants to Chillingworth. Hawthorne is not trying to point out that Chillingworth uses these deadly plants and herbs to poison Dimmesdale, but it is symbolic of evil in him because it is saying that Chillingworth is so evil that poisonous plants will grow out of his burial site. Chillingworth is picking herbs at the beginning of chapter fifteen, and she[Hester] wondered what sort of herbs they were, which the old man was so sedulous to gather (Hawthorne 158). The author is simply describing Chillingworth as an evil person, and uses the herbs as a symbol of evil in order for the reader to further make him out to be a bad person. According to an interview with Helen Fairweather, deadly nightshade plants are, â€Å"scattered around Southern Europe, some of Asia and Algeria, and it is planted in England, and North America† (Fairweather). This suggests that nightshade plants were around at the time, and were a common interest to doctors like Chillingworth then. Hawthorne has to set the scene for the reader to develop an understanding of the plot, so poisonous plants may just be a description of the setting in the story. Hawthorne had an interest in deadly plants like nightshade. â€Å"the writer was deeply engaged in reading everything he could lay his hands on. It was said†¦he read every book in the Athenaeum† (Kahn). Dr. Kahn says that Hawthorne had an interest in reading and especially the books on nightshade. The author of the Scarlet Letter liked to read about poisonous plants, so he  included references from his knowledge of the plants in his story. Dr. Kahn suggests that Dimmesdale showed many symptoms of atropine poisoning, but the symptoms which he showed could have been signs of depression, stress, heartbreak, disease, or guilt. â€Å"even this, his own red stigma, is no more than the type of what has seared his inmost heart† (Hawthorne 228). According to Dr. Kahn, the red stigma on Dimmesdale’s chest is â€Å"the rash, that is, of atropine poisoning† (Kahn). However, throughout the book, there is mention to the red letter â€Å"A†. Hester wears an â€Å"A† on her clothing for adulteress as a punishment and constant reminder of her sin. The red stigma on Dimmesdale’s chest may be an â€Å"A† he inflicted upon himself during repent. This would make sense because Dimmesdale feels guilty for keeping his sin a secret while Hester was punished for hers, so he punished himself. Many symptoms Kahn describes like un-coordination, rapid weak pulse, convulsions, hallucinations, speech difficulties, and paleness could easily be signs of other problems besides atropine poisoning. Dimmesdale feels guilty and sad for not telling the townspeople the truth about what he did so he finds it hard to talk, let alone punish Hester. â€Å"The trying nature of his position drove the blood from his cheek and made his lips tremulous† (Hawthorne 63). Dimmesdale is nervous in front of the townspeople having to make the decision on punishment for Hester, while Hester is standing on the scaffold by herself, and he becomes pale from the position he is in. When Dimmesdale has heart problems it may have been because of his heartache and depression from the unavailability to be there for Hester and Pearl. As Hester was begging him to let her keep Pearl, he showed these signs of pity and heartache. â€Å"the young minister at once came forward, pale, and holding his hand over his heart, as was his custom whenever his peculiar nervous temperament was thrown into agitation† (Hawthorne 103). Also being a pastor for a community of very critical people is hard work, the townspeople had high expectations. â€Å"†¦whose health had severely suffered, of late, by his too unreserved self-sacrifice to the labors and duties of the pastoral relation† (Hawthorne 99). Dimmesdale’s job as a minister was wearing down his health. Depression and heartache were the cause of Dimmesdale’s death. Dr. Kahn had many arguable reasons for the death of Dimmesdale, but  Dimmesdale may not have been poisoned by atropine. Dimmesdale could have been poisoned over a prolonged period of time, but it is more likely that he died out of torture and guilt. Although Dr. Kahn tries to argue that the references to plants in the story are proof of the availability of atropine, he fails at pointing out that the author may have merely used the plants like nightshade symbolically or descriptively. Dr. Kahn also gives many symptoms that Dimmesdale is showing throughout the story however Dimmesdale is showing signs of depression, stress, guilt, and heartbreak. In conclusion, there is evidence to support the death of Dimmesdale being caused by a prolonged period of depression caused by guilt. Works Cited Fairweather, Helen. Interview. 17 September 2011 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: Bantam, 1986. Print. Khan Dr., Jemshed A. â€Å"Atropine Poisoning in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.† The New England Journal of Medicine (1984): 414-16. Web.

Eve white vs Real eve

Simmer was diagnosed with multiple personality disorder. She was one of the first cases doctors had ever come across. With being such a special case, Chris was asked if she would be interested in having a movie made about her life. Chris and her family decided to peruse the movie, but not to use her real name. The directors of the film decided to give her the name of Eve White. However, there were parts of the movie that did not happen In real life or were twisted In the making of The Three Faces of Eve.Having a disorder Like Chris was diagnosed with Is not only hard to the patient, but also hard for friends and family. In Chris' life she had a loving husband and two children. Eve was In a bad relationship where she did not love her husband and a young daughter, Bonnie who she adored. When Eve White turned Into Eve Black, a rollicking young woman with a sly grin, she would physically harm Bonnie and would be extremely mean to her the little girl. Eve Black strangled Bonnie one day an d happened to Chris' eldest daughter as well when a different personality came out.Chris' children say that none of their mother's personalities ever hurt them, but they defiantly had their favorites, which they got across in the movie. Bonnie enjoyed when Cane's personality came out because she was kind and playful with her. In the movie Jane finds a man who she falls in love with, but does not feel as if she could marry him because she has more than one personality. They ended up getting married which was a true story from Chris' life.However, in the movie they did not put in that they did not tell anyone about her disorder because her new husband Don and their children would have to move because the neighbors would not wanting her to live by them because she is â€Å"crazy. † The Faces of Eve was based off of Chris' life, but Chris had 22 personalities instead of Just three. In the movie when both Eves' leave the body for good she is having a flashback to when her grandmot her had died. Eve is screaming about how her mother made her kiss the casket when she did not want too.Chris was furious that they put the blame on her mother in the movie when it was really her neighbor who made her do it. This flashback happened the day that the Eves' left her body for good and Jane stayed and she was cured for the rest of her life. This was a complete lie. Chris was cured for a little bit, but after a few months she realized the blackouts were coming back and more personalities were forming. For 44 years of Chris' life she had 22 different personalities who had control of her life.Chris Simmer has a book she wrote, I am Eve, and a movie, Three Faces of Eve all about her life and her Journey through her disorder. Chris and Eve were essentially the same person, but come across differently In the movie and her real life story. Chris' life was much more difficult than It made It seem In the movie. Chris shared her story, not for the money, but to spread the word for others out there who are dealing with the same disorder to let them know that they are not alone. She also shared her runner to let others know what she went through because she was one of the first cases to be diagnosed.Eve white vs.. Real eve By marshland were parts of the movie that did not happen in real life or were twisted in the making of The Three Faces of Eve. Having a disorder like Chris was diagnosed with is not loving husband and two children. Eve was in a bad relationship where she did not turned into Eve Black, a rollicking young woman with a sly grin, she would physically same person, but come across differently in the movie and her real life story. Chris' life was much more difficult than it made it seem in the movie. Chris shared her

Madoff LLC Fraud Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Madoff LLC Fraud - Research Paper Example The founder and the president of the company was Mr. Bernard Madoff who used to invest the money for the hedge funds, institutions and wealthy people. It has further been found that the company that had been based in New York was the 23rd biggest market maker in the month of October, 2008 on NASDAQ. It was evident that the company handled approximately 50 million shares per day. The main activity of the company has been to handle the orders that the online brokers belonging to a few of the biggest US companies used to make such as the Citigroup Inc. and General Electric. It is evident that the company has been the foremost to mechanize market-making. In this type of dealing, the dealer tends to incessantly buy the stocks and sell them as well. Madoff’s firm has also been the biggest to offer â€Å"payment for order flow† (Glovin & Scheer, 2011). Bernard Madoff never revealed his financial statements and kept back them under his safe custody. Further, it has been noted t hat Madoff has also been one of the active members of the NASDAQ Stock Market related board of governors as well as the member of NASDAQ’s executive committee and also had been the Chairman of trading committee. It has been evident that greater than 75% of the firm that has been owned by Bernard Madoff, along with Peter Madoff who is his brother; were the only two persons who were recognized on the regulatory records, being the direct owners and the executive officers. The other family members operating for Madoff has been Peter Madoff’s daughter named Shana working as compliance attorney. Sons of Bernard Madoff namely Mark and Andrew, and Charles Weiner were in the trading section. Andrew invested his funds in the company, however he was stopped from doing so by Mark in the year 2001 (Glovin & Scheer, 2011). The company made use of the numerous marketing tactics for the purpose of drawing the customers and thus stimulating a new era where electronic trading was of pri ority. The company has been a highly profitable security firm tapping enormous volume of the stock trades from the Big Boards. The company during its initial days used to deal with the Over-The-Counter along with Pure-Brokerage-Pink Sheets transactions. It was because of the Rule 390, the company was able to trade in NYSE stocks. For the purpose of altering the execution practices, the company had to utilize the Cincinnati Stock Exchange. It has been evident that among the five brokers, Madoff has been one of them who had been involved in the creation of the NASDAQ. It was noted that the company’s spread was quite sublime. It started as an investment advisory firm. It has been noted that the company had not been recorded in the stock exchanges till 2006. It can be stated that in terms of the US Securities by the year 2000, Madoff Securities had been successful at becoming the top traders and had in approximation $300 million of assets (De La Merced, 2008). Three floors were o ccupied by the business of Lipstick Building. The 17th floor belonging to Lipstick Building was office of Bernard Madoff that had in approximation of less than 24 of the staffs. It has been found that only a few of the employees were allowed to enter into that building. The floor was named as the hedge fund floor (Henriques & Berenson, 2008).  

Managing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing strategy - Essay Example On the other hand, the multi-featured cameras were given a strategy focused on differentiation, with an emphasis on providing high-priced but unique products. This can generally be viewed as a successful strategy because rival companies did not produce such products at such prices, but the marketing could have been improved. Increased competition especially in the entry-level segment demanded more innovation. This was mainly by competitors who manufactured entry-level cameras that offered affordable alternatives. More importantly, environmental concerns from authorities and activists raised the issue of shifting towards clean energy. To survive, the company will be forced to pay more attention to the concerns of environmentalist in order to appeal to consumers in ways that are ahead of competitors. First, this report will present an overview of the photography industry. Then, it will present an analysis of the industry as well as an internal analysis of Company X with a focus on the issues and challenges the company faces from which it will generate strategic growth options. The selected option will then be described in order to clarify its suitability to the company. This section will provide for the understanding of where the industry is heading by giving an insight of the trends and challenges it faces globally. Although Company X is not directly involved with taking photographs since it is not a studio, it is directly affected by trends of the industry because it supplies the key elements of the industry. The industry is agreeably undergoing a lot of change especially in the digital age, where mobile phones, tablets and other mobile devices are creating a new trend with their high resolution cameras. Essentially, this means that selling cameras (and consequentially taking photographs) is not an easy way to earn a living and needs

On the Natural Order of Opulence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On the Natural Order of Opulence - Assignment Example the occurrence exploitation in that system along with mentioning the oust and superseding of that system with bartering system that commeasures the whole society along with establishment of robust enforced system (Smith). The article further asserted upon the accent of megalopolis for being a platform for accession of surplus as well as economy. By keeping emphasize on metropolis and metropolitans alms for the city. Ultimately, the writer makes a contrast between those citizenry in which dearth of equity is observed along with the termination of provision of privileges to their skilful and laborers with those societies where egalitarianism is followed along with justified privileges to the artificers. He further laid stress on the comparison of development of affluence along with thriving of both countries which reveals a healthy difference along with superimposing of egalitarianism based country (Smith). Although a little partiality is observed as well the accent of the found to be was city dwellers and artificers with a little tint of sarcasm in the tone but the deliverance of the argument was well written. Regarding the feudalism I have gone through one article before titled â€Å"Feudalism in Europe during the Middle Ages† by Michael Totten that supports the argument followed in this article. However, I have never been through any article opposing this argument. Conclusively, this article is a scaffold to comprehend the facts and figures regarding the natural order of opulence that will flourish a country towards

Summarising Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summarising - Assignment Example High and Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., scientists used Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) genetically engineered enzymes that act as molecular word processors to edit mutated sequences of DNA. Since scientists have learnt how to design custom-matched ZFNs to a specific gene location, they designed ZFNs specifically for factor nine genes (F9) and used it in conjunction with a DNA sequence to restore the normal gene function lost in hemophilia. ZFNs are more advantageous compared to conventional genes since they target a precise place in a sequence of chromosomes (High). Conventional genes may deliver a replacement gene to an unwanted location resulting to bypassing of normal biological regulatory components controlling the gene hence cause risk of â€Å"insertion mutagenesis†. An inherited single-gene mutation in hemophilia impairs a patient’s ability to produce blood-clotting proteins. This results to spontaneous life-threatening bleeding episodes. Hemophilia has two major forms, A and B, which occurs solely in males. They result from lack of clotting factors VIII and IX respectively. In a recent study, researchers used genetic engineering to produce a hemophilia B mouse. Prior treatment, the mouse depicted no levels of clotting factor IX since previous studies by different researchers shown that ZFNs could accomplish genome editing if injected into mice for sickle cell disease treatment. However, the ex living animal approach was not feasible for many human genetic diseases affecting whole organ system (Shangzhen). Therefore, the current study was testing genome-editing effectiveness when performed in a vivo. The researchers designed two vector versions using Adeno-associated virus. One vector ferried ZFNs for editing while the other delivered a correctly functioning version of the F9 gene. Since different mutations in the same gene may cause hemophilia, the process replaced seven different coding sequences, covering 95% of the

The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Essay

The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children - Essay Example Violence creeps quietly and firmly into living rooms via television and its contents. This source misguides its viewers in adopting unrealistic and cinematic use of violence in real life situations in homesteads and outside. Viewers invariably have the entire family and perhaps none of the family members escape this all pervasive and negative influence. Children, with impressionable and tender psyches, are increasingly witnessing real-life violence, either in their homes, streets, schools, work places and almost everywhere. This violence has not only assumed epidemic proportions but is a sad and painful reflection on our society when recipients of violence are children, particularly in domestic environment. An environment which is otherwise supposed to protect and nurture young ones instead works to leave deep scars of hostile violence. To top it all provocations may be extremely trivial. This state of affair constitutes both a public health and moral/philosophical crises. The United States (US) has the highest homicide rate in the world. The US homicide rate for young men is 73 times greater than that observed in comparable industrialized nations. Largely uncontrolled proliferation of guns and other lethal weapons is linked directly, for one, to the increased homicide rates among children and for two, to the numbers of violent incidents that children may witness. On an average each day in the US, 9 children are murdered, guns wound 30 children, and 307 children are arrested for violent crimes.

Write an abstract and make sure the paper and sources are in APA style Research

Write an abstract and make sure the and sources are in APA style - Research Paper Example To account for the differences in learning styles, the paper describes the actions that will be taken throughout the unit. It is also important to evaluate the learning of the students during the classes. For this, the paper describes the methods that will be used to assess learning of the syllabus. Finally, the paper describes the personal experiences and reflections of the author during the past teaching activities and indicates the success factors involved with conducting the course. Don Antonio Lugo High School, located in Chino, California, serves grades 9-12 in the Chino Valley Unified School District. Student body: 2,232. It has received a Great Schools rating of 6 out of 10 based on its performance on state standardized tests. Rational: Contemporary poems and songs are mixed in with old â€Å"classics† to give students a range of poetic experience. Attention is paid to including American, English, and Spanish content, and all the poems are quite accessible. Students will gain practice identifying poetic devices (such as metaphor, personification, imagery, etc.) because even though they may dislike these â€Å"mechanics† of poetry, they may need the information for future standardized exams. The unit involves lots of student participation. In addition to regular group work in class, students are asked to bring in poems or songs they feel are examples of good poetry, and to present these to the rest of the class. They’ll also write poems of their own, which will be shared during an informal â€Å"coffee-house class† during the final class of the poetry unit. Lots of poetry books, refreshments, chairs in a circle; invitation at the door to take a straw â€Å"sip† some juice and find a poem that you like and would share with the class (sitting down, no presentation). Write the name, poet, book, page # on your invitation before the party is over. (Takes full period – 75 poetry books

Contaminants in Recycled Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contaminants in Recycled Paper - Essay Example Grades A and B represent the virtually 100 percent of paper mill waste that is recycled a back into the milling process. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies mill broke (Grade A) as the scraps that are recovered during the paper-making process. (Conservatree 2007, Environmental Definitions) The mills can recycle this at almost zero cost. It is also in the mills' best interest to recycle and re-pulp the unprinted waste (Grade B), as it costs about half of what it costs to recycle post-consumer waste. These two highest grades of recycled paper are both cost-effective and free of contaminants, as it is waste created only by the product production. (Conservatree 2007, Making Paper) Post-consumer waste is where we find both a greater need for recycling and a high risk of contaminants. Depending on their use, these consumer-used products come back to the recycling plants in various forms, such as envelopes, office paper, newspaper, and magazines, and these forms are often full of contaminants. From address labels and no-lick stamps on envelopes, to colored laser printer paper, to self-stick notes, today's recycled raw materials need a lot of work to go through the system and get back into re-usable paper. (Glass 2000, p. 1) And with the demand for recycled raw materials at an all-time high with the environmental concerns of our modern world, we cannot ask the consumers to remove these hindrances before recycling. The industry must make the consumer want to recycle, and consumers will recycle more the easier it is for them to do so. This puts the removal of contaminants squarely on the paper recycling plants. The contaminants that cause the most trouble for the plants are the ones that come from adhesive-based materials. These are referred to as "stickies," as they tend to make their way through the filtering process and form into particles that can gum up machines and lower the quality of the pulp. (Glass 2000, p. 1) This is a big problem with the Grade C paper, of which a large amount comes from offices. Having workers sort through this high volume of paper is not cost-effective, so having equipment that is technologically advanced enough to weed out these contaminants is vital. Fortunately, there is technology available to help alleviate this problem. Older methods of recycling paper into pulp involved using machines that pulverize the raw material with aggressive motion. Often the stickies would disintegrate quickly and make their way through filtering attempts. Today, high consistency batch pulpers and continuous drum pulpers are available, which provide a gentler method of pulping the recycled raw materials. This, in turn, keeps the contaminants from becoming too small and getting lost in

Subculture III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Subculture III - Essay Example Heroes Camp has been such a subculture that has considerable influence upon the lives of the deprived children of the South Bend region of Indiana. The management and the officials of the Heroes Camp have been crucial for the purpose of enlightenment of the mind, body, and soul of those children and transform their lives for the greater good of the God and society. Heroes Camp has been an influential subculture for the ‘at – risk’ youth of the region of South Bend of Indiana. The most important aspect of this subculture has been that it has been helping the members to get involved in the long-term relationship of love and mutual respect. The present facility of the Heroes Camp has an area of more than 20,000 square feet of area that includes the food bank, at least three basketball courts, kitchen, offices and the laundry area. The further description of the Heroes Camp suggests it to be a, â€Å"an organization that trains youth with activities that offer hope, life skills, and loving relationships. This outreach has an extraordinary component that specializes in servicing the overlooked and disadvantaged youth who are challenged by lives circumstances. Heroes Camp purposes to provide a solid foundation for the progressive development of spirit, soul, and body with an end goal of holistic growth so that youth have the oppo rtunity to build stable productive lives and become leaders†. The most important factor for the success and the prosperity of the sub – culture (Heroes Camp) has been the highly experienced and influential management. The ministry is headed by Pat Magley and B J Magley, the co-founders and the directors. The organization was founded by them in 1989 and Pat has been working full – time for the ministry since 1990 as he left his job with Berkheimer.

Theory still have value Essay Example for Free

Theory still have value Essay Jean Piaget (1896 1980) was a constructivist theorist. He saw children as constructing their own world, playing an active part in their own development. Children are intrinsically motivated to interact with their environment and so learn about the world they live in. Piagets insight opened up a new window into the inner working mind and as a result he carried out some remarkable studies on children that had a powerful influence on theories of child thought. This essay is going to explain the main features and principles of the Piagetian theory, how Piaget has influenced education and relate the Piagetian theory to two challenging perspectives, social constructivism and connectionist modelling. Piaget saw children as constructing their own world, playing an active part in their own development, which was the bulk of his work but also believed that social context was an important feature as well. Children are intrinsically motivated to interact with their environment and so learn about the world they live in. Piaget believed that children had the ability to adapt to their environment and saw intelligence as an evolutionary process. Piaget alleged childrens thinking goes through changes at each of four stages (sensori motor, concrete operations and formal operations) of development until they can think and reason as an adult. The stages represent qualitatively different ways of thinking, are universal, and children go through each stage in the same order. According to Piaget each stage must be completed before they can move into the next one and involving increasing levels of organisation and increasingly logical underlying structures. Piaget stated that the lower stages never disappear; they become integrated into the new stage (hierarchic integration) (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958). Children themselves, through their actions on the environment, interacting with there biologically determined level of maturation, bring about the cognitive changes, which result in adult thinking. The stages theory is open to criticism as they are too rigid and neglects individual differences such as memory span, motivation etc. Piaget also underestimated the age at which children could do things. This maybe because he failed to distinguish between competence and performance. Piagets studies tested performance and then he assumed that a child who failed simply lacked the underlying cognitive structures that he believed were needed to succeed on that task. Subsequent research suggests that a child may have these competencies earlier than Piaget suggested. However, simply to focus on age limits is to miss the central point of Piagets theory that universal, qualitative, biologically regulated cognitive changes occur during development. This is supported by cross-cultural research that has replicated Piagets findings (Smith et al, 1998). A positive aspect is that Piagets view of children as active constructors of their own cognitive world had considerable educational implications, with its emphasis on discovery learning, sensitivity to childrens readiness to learn, and acceptance of individual differences. Piagets main features suggest that the role of the teacher is to allow children to engage with their environment in an active way and have appropriate experiences at appropriate times so as to foster their natural capacity to learn. (Gupta and Richardson, 1995 p8) These experiences will only be effective if full account is taken of the childrens level of understanding. As a result Piagets psychological research has provided evidence for the Plowden report and some teachers have applied Piagets theory to their teaching methods in relation to the importance of active learning, qualitative differences between child and adult thinking, and the influence of environmental experience on development. Piagets theory is immensely rich, deep and quite often very difficult; as such it resists encapsulation. However, it is possible to draw out certain themes. Piaget clearly distinguishes between development and learning, believing the former to be a spontaneous, structured whole, in contrast to the provoked, limited nature of the latter. Piaget argued that there are four main factors in the development of one set of structures from another: maturation, experience, social transmission and equilibration. Piaget devised a number of ingenious tests of thought to illustrate this style of thinking and to study how children developed the ability to realise that there are things that do not change even when there are perceptual transformations. (Light and Oates, 1990 pg 101). He illustrated his concepts of egocentricism by using a three mountains task and conservation tasks. These studies came to the following conclusions that children are: 1) unable to conserve, 2) They are unable to reserve mental operations and 3) they are perceptually egocentric. When discussing Piagets experiments ecological validity needs to be taken into account. Piaget used his own children as participants and the clinical interview method also casts doubts. Another criticism relates to the concept of biological maturation or readiness. If the development of cognitive structures is related to maturity, then practice should not improve performance. In other words, if a person is not biologically ready to move on to the next stage then no amount of practice should get them there. However, there is evidence to suggest that practice can make a difference (Danner and Day 1977). Piaget did not deny the role of experience. He used the concept of horizontal decalage to explain why it is that not all aspects of the same stage appear at the same time; for example, the ability to conserve number and volume may not appear at the same time, but one after the other. He suggested that uneven cognitive performance is probably due to different learning experiences. A third criticism relates to the role of language and social factors. Piaget did not feel that language influenced cognitive development. To incorporate these two elements researchers have extended Piagets experiments. Margaret Donaldson (1978, as cited by Lights and Oates, p 114) argued that the real problem with the Piagetian tasks is that they are testing diembedded thinking on the part of the child; they are asking the child to solve problems unrelated to the childs own knowledge and experience. A change in materials used will enable children to perform better on some tasks than on others.

Alfred Hitchcocks Use Of Sound Film Studies Essay

Alfred Hitchcocks Use Of Sound Film Studies Essay Many film historians and filmmakers believe that visual techniques are superior to audio ones. This belief has it roots in the early years of sound. With few exceptions, silent films were far superior to early talking pictures; the problem being that due to the technical intricacies of recording, the acting suffered, rendering many films painful to observe. Hitchcock constantly defined his style of filmmaking to that of pure film; film that expresses its meaning visually. But examining this term closely, it is apparent that he is objecting to an unnecessary reliance on dialogue as opposed to the use of sound overall. In his famous interview with Francois Truffaut Hitchcock stated: In many of the films now being made, there is very little cinema: they are mostly what I call photographs of people talking. When we tell a story in cinema, we should resort to dialogue only when its impossible to do otherwise. In writing a screenplay, it is essential to separate clearly the dialogue from the visual elements and whenever possible, to rely more on the visual than on the dialogue. Hitchcocks visual and aural goals were becoming clear and many of his production notes, increasingly throughout his directorial career, would feature detailed references to sound effects and music. Aside from the novelty of dialogue, audiences began to experience soun dscapes which, often utilising ambience sounds and effects occurring within a scene, accentuated the drama of Hitchcocks movies. His non reliance on dialogue harks back to the silent era where movie-goers would watch a film often with a live organist alongside performing either a complete musical work or emotion driven passages and stings to set the mood when the scenes required it. Alfred Hitchcocks use of sound in Blackmail (1929) and Murder! (1930) in particular is important in many respects. These films went against the ideas of the day of what was technically possible in filming with immobile cameras and uneditable sound systems. In addition, they represent Hitchcocks first major experiments in combining sound and image in ways that in which the visuals did not come second to the dialogue. Blackmail establishes Hitchcocks preference for integrating music and sound effects, and introduces most of his favourite audio motifs. Both films are interesting historically, but Blackmail is the more successful work of art because its audio techniques and motifs are an integral part of the film stylistically. Blackmails aesthetic integrity is all the more remarkable given the uncertain conditions under which it was produced circumstances that are frequently misreported in film histories. Despite its reputation, Blackmail was not technically the first British sound feature, although it was immediately hailed as such. It is in part the makeshift and transitional circumstances of the filming that allowed Hitchcock to use sound with a flexibility and creativity that distinguished it from other early sound efforts. Blackmails admirers have rarely mentioned any specifics except the expressionistic highlights, such as the knife sequence, the overloud doorbell, or the merging screams. From a historical viewpoint, however, Blackmail is just as unique in its treatment of dialogue. A close look at the dialogue sequences shows that the film contradicts almost every rule written in standard histories about the use of sound in the transitional period from 1928 to 1930. For example, whereas films of the period supposedly always showed the speaker because producers thought that the audience must see the source of sound, Hitchcock very often has the speaker out of shot. Whereas films were supposed to have been photographed in long master shots (because sound could not be cut), Hitchcock only does so three times. Finally, whereas cameras and people were supposed to remain relatively immobile, the director moves not only his characters but also his camera, and therefore the audience viewpoint, during synchro nised sequences, heightening the involvement of movie goers, placing them almost inside the action rather than making them feel like they were merely watching a theatre production. Blackmail has stilted moments, especially in the delivery of speech. Even the better actors at the time were hindered by the need to recite their lines distinctly for the relatively unresponsive microphones. However, Hitchcock also includes several scenes where dialogue is intentionally incomprehensible a daring device at the time. When two policemen come off duty, ten minutes into the film, dialogue is added for the first time, but not synchronised, and we are supposed to merely get the gist of their conversation. An early example of his understanding of sound is clear even from his first use in Blackmail. The opening appears almost comedic; heavy honky tonk pianos and hand cranked visuals seem to be at odds with what is a serious story. Initially it appears the film is to be a silent, there are no sounds or dialogue until ten minutes have passed, and even at that point it is introduced in an ambiguous manner, with sound being used sporadically. In his early movies, Hitchcocks experimentiative nature is as apparent with sound as with the visual development of filmmaking. As the story progresses, the main character Alice (Anny Ondra) stabs and kills her would-be attacker. Hitchcock uses offscreen sound that is relevant to his content. One frequent purpose of offscreen dialogue is to contrast Alices emotions with the lack of awareness of other characters. This contrast occurs in the knife sequence, and later when her boyfriend (Frank) and her harasser (Tracy) blackmail and counter-blackmail each other. Showing the girl while the mens conversation continues offscreen emphasises her emotional exclusion from the other characters. Hitchcock also begins here a use of nonparallel cutting to create tension between characters. Later in 1930, Hitchcock filmed Murder! Although the director was again facing great technical limitations, Murder is clearly a personal work, which in every scene shows Hitchcocks efforts to work creatively with sound despite the abundance of dialogue. The script requires a trial (which Hitchcock condenses through a complicated montage of sound and image) and jury deliberations which entail a thorough analysis of the issues. Because the deliberation scene is the longest and most dialogue heavy scene it was also the most challenging, and Hitchcock strains to enliven it. The scene is a first statement of three major techniques that the director would use to minimise the filming of talking heads during the rest of his career: camera movement, non-parallel editing of dialogue, and deep-focus sound. The scene is set up so that the jurors are seated on the outside arc of a table that forms two thirds of a semicircle, with the foreman in the centre chair and Sir John Menier at one extreme. As the scene opens the camera pans past eleven jurors while the foreman summarises the arguments. Later, the camera pans away from the foreman in one direction and then swings past him, panning the other way. In neither case does the camera movement wor k. The jurors are not defined enough visually for us to learn something new by watching them in turn. Much more successful is Hitchcocks nonparallel cutting of dialogue and image. He rarely ends a shot of a person speaking at the precise moment that the persons dialogue ends; usually cutting to a second speaker before the first has finished. In parallel cutting the simultaneous aural and visual cuts reinforce each other so we notice them; thus shock is generally created through parallel cutting, whereas smoothness and continuity are created by overlapping. Murders deliberation scene ends with a form of deep-focus sound that completely eliminates talking heads. The camera stays in the deliberation chambers after the jurors exit. We hear the verdict, the death sentencing, and the defendants last words as we watch a janitor cleaning up after the jurors. The effect is to lessen our interest in the reaction of the accused girl and to heighten our awareness of the responsibility of the jurors for her fate. The decision to stay outside of the room when a verdict is read emphasizes the impersonality and heartlessness of the trial, and Hitchcock uses the technique for similar effects as late as Frenzy, when another innocent defendant is sentenced to death. The technique for which Murder is most often remembered is the interior monologue of Sir John, which Hitchcock claims is the first in film history. This is a recurring motif used in many of his films, and represents the directors desire to move inside a characters mind and reveal his thoughts and feelings. Hitchcocks expressionistic impulses are somewhat obstructed in his British films by the limitations on technical resources, which forced him to become minimally dependent on mise-en-scà ©ne. In his American period the use of lavish tracking shots furthered his wish to explore physical depths which correspond to their psychological counterparts. Meanwhile, in the thirties he was more dependent on inexpensive means of penetrating surfaces; sound is a chief device of creating subjective experiences-a device that reaches its height of development in Secret Agent. By the time Alfred Hitchcock had made Murder he had already experimented with his two main options for using sound subjectively: the interior monologue, as in Murders shaving sequence, and the distortion of exterior sounds to suggest how they impinge on a characters consciousness, as in Blackmails, knife sequence. He would eventually settle on the impingement of the exterior world as the preferred choice, and even that technique would soon become subtler, less of a stylistic nourish, less expressionistic. Ultimately, by switching from the distortion to the intrusion of exterior sounds, he would find ways of creating the same effect in the more realistic style of his American films. By contrast, the interior monologue in the shaving sequence furthers Hitchcocks central point in Murder that Sir John is acting more out of amorous than moral motives when he becomes newly convinced about Dianas innocence and decides to find the real murderer. The radio is used as a form of scoring (in a film that is ostensibly limited to source music). An orchestra performs the Liebestod from Tristan und Isolde, and Sir Johns thoughts have been carefully timed so that Wagners high points emphasize the emotional highs of the interior monologue, the love motif suggesting that Sir Johns motives involve feelings for the girl that he does not yet admit to himself. Sir John delivers the monologue in his distinctive, characteristically passionate, rhythmic phrases. We hear Sir Johns thoughts about saving Diana, but it is the performance of Tristan und Isolde on the radio which conveys the emotions. Sir John leaves the music playing after shaving and moves into an adjacent room for the next scene, in which he speaks to an assistant. Because the love theme is still playing, we realise that during these transactions he is thinking more about Diana than about the business at hand. The interior monologue as a means of getting inside a characters mind in Murder, then, is not altogether satisfactory on three counts: it does not really convey underlying emotion, it does not involve the audience, and it is grafted onto a film that is otherwise quite different in style. By contrast, the solution of showing how exterior sounds impinge on a character in Blackmail has become a much more integral part of Hitchcocks style. Specifically, his challenge in Blackmail was to find techniques for externalising the heroines guilt. The solution, which entails stylisation and distortion, is the aural equivalent of visual expressionism. To show that the expressionistic uses of sound in Blackmail are indeed stylistically integral to the film it is necessary to examine the film in detail. Hitchcock first makes us aware that he is distorting the sound subjectively when he exaggerates the loudness of bird chirpings to stress Alices agitation on the morning after the murder. When the mother enters Alices bedroom to wake her, she uncovers the cage of Alices canary. Once the mother leaves the room, the chirping is loudly insistent while the girl takes off the clothes she wore the night before and puts on fresh ones. The chirps are loudest, unnaturally so, when she is looking at herself in the mirror. The sound reminds us of the tiny, birdlike jerkings that the girl made immediately after stabbing the artist. After the knife sequence there is another subjective distortion of sound, when a customer rings a bell as he enters the store. We are in the breakfast parlour, and yet the bell resonates louder than it does elsewhere in the film. The camera is on a close-up of Alices face to indicate that it is her point of view, once again, from which we hear. In a sense the use of bird noises in the bedroom scene should be distinguished from the other techniques mentioned here. Whereas aural restriction and distortion of loudness are related to character point of view, the choice specifically of bird sounds has a particular meaning for Hitchcock independent of the film. This sequence marks the beginning of an ongoing association of murder and bird noises in the directors mind which accrues meaning from film to film, from Blackmail and Murder through to Sabotage (1936), Young and Innocent (1937), and Psycho, and culminates in The Birds. Commentators have regarded the knife sequence as an isolated gimmick, but the scene as a whole should be seen as the culmination of a larger movement to which Hitchcock has been building since the murder. The scenes showing Alices retreat from the artists rooms and her subsequent wanderings through the streets have each used elements that unite in the knife sequence. The sequence occurs while Alice breakfasts with her parents. In the doorway leading from the parlour to the fathers shop stands a gossip, talking about the previous nights murder. Alices parents go about their business, not giving much attention to the gossipy neighbour but Hitchcocks cutting shows that the guilt ridden Alice is already more sensitive to the womans speculations about the crime. As the gossips speech becomes more graphic, the director suggests Alices increasing sensitivity by panning from the girl to the chattering neighbour. From here on in her dialogue becomes almost abstract: it alternates between muff led speech and the word knife five times. Offscreen the father says, Alice, cut us a bit of bread, as the camera tilts down to Alices hand approaching the knife (which resembles the murder weapon). We hear knife five more times: in the gossips voice, at a fast pace, with the intermediate words eliminated. Hitchcock, a possessor of a great aural imagination, increases the volume of the word to emphasise the subjectivity of the moment, still further matching the visual intensity of the close-up with the intensity of the loudness. On the sixth repetition the word knife is screamed, and the actual knife seems to leap out of Alices hand and falls onto a plate. Hitchcock related later in his career that, despite any relevant education in the required fields, he saw himself as a composer or a conductor but typically he had less control over the music than over the other aspects of production. His use of music in Blackmail reflects his need to observe various conventions and his desire to be personally creative with the music using pure instinct. It is complicated by the films midstream switch to synchronized sound: the director therefore has to deal with both the silent-film conventions of scoring for live orchestra and with the early talkie expectations that a character would perform a song in synchronism. Musical themes introduced in the first reel recur later in the film, associated with similar images. For example, a string agitato theme identified with the image of the spinning wheel comes back both when we see the wheel again and during the museum chase. There is a central theme arranged for full orchestra associated with Scotland Yard , and also a pizzicato phrase which ascends the scale almost every time a character climbs a flight of steps. Nevertheless, Hitchcock managed to assert his personality over the scoring by controlling not the content so much as the placement of it. Whereas it was typical of the period to use either continuous music or none, the director had already hinted at his future style by eliminating scoring under most dialogue sequences and by insisting on silence during most moments of tension. Not until Secret Agent would Alfred Hitchcock once again find a vehicle appropriate for extensive experimentation with the use of expressionistic sound. By 1936 re-recording practices were more sophisticated. Therefore, much of the impetus to use sound creatively in Secret Agent must have come not (as in Blackmail) from the challenge of overcoming stringent technical limitations but from a wish to explore the new range of expressive possibilities available with technically sophisticated equipment, and further involving his audience emotionally in his movies.

Ethnic Variation among Cancer Patients Essay -- Medical Research

Ethnicity is a term used to distinguish individuals and classify them into groups based on cultural and occasionally physical characteristics. Ethnic groups vary in the degree to which they exhibit common ethnic factors from those who share no or little cultural traditions to those who share a wider range of factors such as cultural traditions, place of origin, ancestry, language, and religion. To clarify the misunderstanding between ethnic groups and ethnic minorities, ethnic groups vary in their size from those of a small number which called minorities to those of a large number which called majorities(Stillwell & Ham, 2009). There is a substantial evidence that suggests the presence of disparities among different ethnic groups and different socio-economic levels(Hill et al., 2010a, 2010b; Jeffreys et al., 2005; King, 2000, 2001; Tobias & Cheung, 2003) . Maori, for instance, have a lower life expectancy rate than that of non-Maori, to be exact Maori have life expectancy low er by 9 years than non-Maori (Hefford et al., 2005; Tobias et al., 2009 ). Moreover, they show higher susceptibility rates to disease, particularly heart and respiratory diseases and diabetes, compared to non-Maori(Hefford et al., 2005; King, 2000, 2001; Tobias et al., 2009). Similarly, people of low socio-economic level - poor education, housing, and low income- have poor health status (King, 2000, 2001; Tobias & Cheung, 2003). In fact, although ethnic groups are closely related to socio-economic status, ethnic disparities exists in all different groups with different socio-economic level(Tobias & Cheung, 2003). In order to explore ethnic disparities in depth, studies that prove cancer inequalities among different ethnic groups will be provided. ... ...alth Metrics, 1(1). doi: 12773214 Stillwell, J. & Ham, M. (Ed.). (2009). Ethnicity and Integration: Understanding Population Trends and Processes- Volume 3. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London & New York. Springer. Doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9103-1 Tobias, M., Blakely, T., Matheson, D., Rasanathan, K. & Atkinson, J. (2009). Changing trends in indigenous inequalities in mortality: Lessons from New Zealand. International Journal of Epidemiology. 38, 1711-1722. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp156 Hefford, M., Crampton, P. & Foley, J. (2005). Reducing health disparities through primary care reform: the New Zealand experiment. Health Policy. 72(1), 9-23. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2004.06.005 Blakely, T., Tobias, M., Robson, B., Ajwani, S., Bonne, M. & Woodward, A. (2005). Widening ethnic mortality disparities in New Zealand 1981-99. 61(10), 2233-2251. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.02.011

The Impact of the Montreal Canadiens Hockey Club on the City of Montrea

The Impact of the Montreal Canadiens Hockey Club on the City of Montreal A sports team is vital to a large city such as Montreal. A sports team may have positive or negative impacts on a city. The team that will be focused on is the Montreal Canadiens. Despite the poor seasons that the team has recently endured, the Montreal Canadiens are still one of the most winningest franchises in all of sports. The team’s long history as a winning organization has made the city of Montreal reputable. For my research, the three disciplines that will be focused on are sociology, geography, and economics. These disciplines are very much evident and important to my research topic, that being, the importance the Montreal Canadiens Hockey Club for the City of Montreal. With the use of sources related to my topic, one will be able to grasp the overall context of my research. The direct question that my research intends to answer is; how has the Montreal Canadiens Hockey Club impacted the City of Montreal as a whole? Literature Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The discipline of sociology studies groups of people in a specific area. In this case, the people we will focus on are the players playing for the Montreal Canadiens hockey team and the fans that support the team. After viewing a video on the Montreal Canadiens during the 1988-1989 season (Fisher 1989), the discipline of sociology is very much evident in this video. The video takes an in depth viewing of the team during the 1988-1989 season. It looks at the ups and downs the team faced during this particular season and how the Montreal Canadiens have over come obstacles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the 1988-1989 season, the Canadiens advanced to the Stanley Cup final where they lost to the Calgary Flames in six games. A few years earlier, in 1986, the Canadiens beat those same Calgary Flames to win their twenty-third Stanley Cup. The player that led the Canadiens during the 1988-1989 season was none other than goaltender Patrick Roy. The pressures that were placed on the shoulders’ of Roy were unbelievable. This pressure came from fans and media alike. The fact he was a French- Canadian that grew up cheering for the Canadiens, did not help either. As Patrick said in the video, â€Å"Hockey in Montreal is not a sport, it’s a religion.† Also interviewed was .. ... I composed my questionnaire around my research question. The results of my fieldwork take into account the three disciplines that my literature review is based on, that being, sociology, geography, and economics. From the answer(s) that was derived from my fieldwork, the impact the Montreal Canadiens has on the city of Montreal as a whole is positive. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To explain the importance a sports team has on a city, a new avenue for future research would be the traveling to a city that lost a professional sports team and research the impact it had on places such as Winnipeg and Quebec, where the Winnipeg Jets and the Quebec Nordiques used to play respectfully. Economically, jobs are created within and around the team and city, which geographically is the reason why businesses are set up where they are, and sociologically, people come together in the supporting of their team. These three disciplines are lost with losing of a professional sports team. A sports team is vital to a large city such as Montreal. To conclude this report, the Montreal Canadiens Hockey Club has a positive impact on the city of Montreal as a whole.

An Account of Racial Inequality in Langston Hughes Freedom Train :: Hughes Freedom Train Essays

An Account of Racial Inequality in Langston Hughes' Freedom Train "Freedom Train" by Langston Hughes is a powerful and eye-opening account of racial inequality in the early Twentieth century. Hughes poem is filled with a sense of irony but also hope towards the future. This tongue-in-cheek look at the so-called "Freedom" Train is a powerful image. Langston Hughes included important ideas in a simple and original way. Hughes was writing at the height of the Harlem Renaissance and his focus remained on issues faced by African Americans, but he did not dwell on the injustices. "Freedom Train" and other writings of Langston Hughes had a very hopeful tone. The poem, written in 1947, was produced in a time surrounded by war, patriotism, and also racism in America. World War II was ending and patriotism was at a high. The title, "Freedom Train" was coined from a locomotive that carried the Constitution, Declaration of Independence, and other important American documents on a tour across the United States. People were free to visit this train when it arrived in their town. This was one example of growing patriotism after World War II. The irony of this poem is, as Hughes points out, the fact that the American people were celebrating this Freedom Train and documents assuring our freedom, while African Americans were still not even considered equal citizens by most white Americans. Racism was still common and blacks were still treated as inferiors. These injustices are what Hughes is concerned with. Hughes cannot fathom this as the "Freedom" Train because he has no real sense of freedom, but he is hopeful and looks to the future. Hugh asks, "How can this be a Freedom Train?" He remarks that he cannot even sit in the white man's railroad car that, at the same time, is encouraging freedom. The irony is unbelievable. Hughes is, in a sense, waiting for his own freedom train in a much deeper sense. By taking this poem one section at a time, and looking at the historical significance, one discovers these important links and u nderlying messages conveyed by Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes gives us an African American view on many issues that were important during this time. He writes in a very sarcastic manner when speaking of the Freedom Train.

What changes are planned for Portobello road in the near future?

After investigating how Portobello road was like 10 years ago, how it is like today and why these changes have occurred, there is a noticeable land use pattern that is changing as technology develops and more improvements are proposed by the council. One of the main goals for the government is to bring down the unemployment rates to below the average in inner London (see figure on page ) in order to achieve the goal, the council are going to offer a grant up to a maximum of i300 to each person aged 25 and over, this will enable them to purchase any items which are required in their job descriptions such as tools or clothes for interviews. The royal borough are also planning to organise a youth training centre which delivers NVQ levels 1 and 2, literacy, numeracy and key skills qualifications, and are hoping to offer skills training to 16- 18 year olds, many of whom have no educational qualifications. Although these solutions may tackle the problem of unemployment, it is not guaranteed that everyone will use the grant given, to purchase work items, and as a result a lot of money will be wasted. The council also want to offer the royal borough a better quality of life, by making the area cleaner, safer, healthier and more attractive as a place in which to live and work. One of the ways in which to do this would be to for the council to keep its own detrimental impacts on the environment to the lowest practical levels. The environmental services department are also aiming to improve street cleansing and improve trade waste collection services. It aims to get 60% of businesses involved in recycling by 2003. It is also piloting a cycle delivery scheme in Portobello road. All these improvements will improve the quality of life for residents and will also increase tourism, which will be financially, a benefit to the trade on Portobello road. Above were the general improvements being proposed for the whole borough, but is more useful to study the improvements being proposed for the 3 main sections of Portobello road. Proposed improvements for the Northern section of Portobello road (Goldbourne ward) One of the proposals for this area is to make this part of the road a one way southbound in order to avoid congestion, heavy traffic, noise pollution and gas emissions, and so reducing the number of accidents, and therefore increasing the safety for pedestrians. Hopefully this proposal will attract more visitors and there will be more trade. The council also intend on improving the maintenance of shops, so they look more attractive and visible, and therefore gain more passing trade (mostly from tourism). However this approach may prove to be a disadvantage, as the increase in tourism would result in conflict between local residents and tourists and so resulting to high crime rate. The third proposal that will be put forward by the council, concerning this part of the road is to improve street lighting and ensure that brighter lighting will reduce the number of car accidents and bring crime rates to a minimum. Finally, improving direction signs and providing simple market maps near tube stations and shops, should encourage more tourists, and allow them to feel more comfortable finding their way around the area. Proposed improvements for the Central section of Portobello road (Colville ward) The central section of Portobello road is also in need for improvement, and therefore a number of proposals have been made, taking into account that this part of the road is dominated by the fruit market and so remains active all week. The first proposal being made to the central section is the removal of on street parking, because the continual presence of traders' vans prevent easy access to the shops on the Westside of the street and also provide an additional cover for an on street crime. Also on weekdays pedestrian flows are higher in this section then anywhere else on the road, (as shown in the flow chart fig. 2. 11) so the removal of on street parking on these days at least would provide a more relaxed and attractive shopping environment, which would turnover the general appearance of the area for the better. Another proposal being suggested is to revise a one-way system to reduce traffic, and so avoiding accidents and providing a safe environment for the visitors and pedestrians. In order to encourage more midweek trading the council have also proposed for large eight feet by nine fit pitches to trade upon. The council have also made a proposition to start a customer complaint system, as in the black cab trade, this should hopefully allow the customers to come forward about any queries involving the market trade, i. . reporting tatty shop fronts, to generally improve the appearance of the area, etc. The main problems caused in this section are linked to the arrival of major chain stores such as Tesco and Woolworth's, which are inevitably continuing to raise standards in their search for more market share, and therefore continuing to grow in number, both in terms of floor space and profits. However any expansion of these major stores must be at the expense of retailers elsewhere, such as small family businesses. One of the reasons why chain stores are successful is because their range of goods are continually expanding, quality control standards are high and customers are allowed to select items of their own choice under a spacious, convenient and comfortable environment. In order to match up to these standards, small businesses will be encouraged to improve the range of goods on offer, provide a high standard of display, increase shopper comfort, introduce a customer complaint system and reduce the level of rubbish on the street. The council will also provide a larger pitch for local stores to trade upon. Proposed Improvements for the Antique section of Portobello road (Pembridge ward) This section of Portobello road remains active all weekend, and benefits largely from tourism. Therefore the propositions being put forward by the council have been modelled so that they would not result in a significant reduction in the retail function of this area. The 1st proposal being put forward concerns the issue of on street parking which is usually illegal, this need to be removed in order to relieve pedestrian congestion on Saturdays and give Saturday antique traders the chance to unload and load directly from Portobello road, this should hopefully reduce conflict between drivers and pedestrians, however this would result in parking difficulties for most residents as their spaces would get occupied by the large number of customers who wish to park their cars. Restrictions to vehicle access to residents between 10-2pm needs to be enforced in order to remove any possibility of vehicle -pedestrian conflict on Saturday to provide visitors with a spacious, relaxed, car free environment. The council have also proposed to have better pedestrian crossing facilities at Portobello road and west borne grove junction, in order to increase the safety of visitors and other pedestrians. Widening the pavements across the road would provide visitors with a single large through fare with attractive displays of goods on both sides. The council have proposed improvements to street lighting in all three sections of the road, in order to keep crime rates at a minimum and increase the levels of safety. Direction signs and street maps are also up for improvement in order to make them clearer and allow customers to move around freely and so to encourage trade. Promotion and advertisement on all parts of the road have been encouraged, in order to publicise the road and gain more passing trade.

Britain During The Inter-war Years Essay

After the First World War Britain suffered economically. This was due to its material export sales being reduced as trade was severely disrupted in the war years encouraging customers to shop elsewhere for their goods such as Japan and other countries who took advantage of Britain’s uncertainty and added taxes to their imports. Britain was also in debt by one million pounds owed to other countries, which did not help the situation. The first major slump began around 1921 when over two million people were unemployed this was partly due to many men being injured in the war over one and a half million men from the United Kingdom alone were permanently weakened by wounds or the effects of gas. Also Britain saw a large reduction in their traditional exports such as coal, iron or steel which resulted in many jobs being forfeited. The coal industry was being left behind by oil, electricity and gas, these could be obtained cheaper or even for free from other countries like Poland where labour was cheaper and Germany who were still in debt for the reparations of the First World War. Suprisingly though Britain recovered quicker and more so than many of the other countries such as America, France and Belgium, it is argued that this was powered by residential construction and the newer developing industries against rearmament for the Second World War. In the depressed areas of Britain Scotland, Lancashire Northern Ireland and South Wales unemployment and poverty were common and part of everyday life. Most of these areas were working class where its inhabitants will have been employed in the dwindling industries such as shipping and textiles and at that time there was no alternative work available. The government tried various ways to try and raise funds, they decided to reduce the wages paid to the few people who were still working to provide more funds to support the unemployed unfortunately this only succeeded to depress people further and encourage strikes. The government even tried to cut their own expenditure this would have involved a reduction in the pay of teachers and funding to schools and hospitals. They also returned to gold standard in April 1925 this made exports expensive but did make imports cheaper. They then raised income tax and reduced unemployment benefits by ten percent; the bank rates were also reduced to a low two- percent lowering the interest earned on money saved. Two unpaid commissioners were taken on to try and revive the worst hit areas this was said to have little or no effect. The government then set out to encourage new businesses by offering reduced rates, rent and income tax, this was effective but only in providing lightweight factory work mainly directed at women to produce the all new electrical goods such as parts for irons, radios and light bulbs. This meant that people had more extra cash to spend on consumer goods and more people were able to go on holiday for the first time or even buy their own home, this was encouraged by the falling cost of construction materials and cheaper borrowing as the interest rates dropped. This triggered a wave of house building to meet the increased demand, which in turn created many manual male orientated jobs and also increased the demand for household goods such as furniture and telephones.

Health Promotion and Preventions

Health promotion and disease prevention are processes that enable individuals to improve their health. Health promotion seeks to increase an individual’s control over their health by addressing behavior under the control of the individual. Disease prevention is associated with medical and public health activities to prevent diseases. Health promotion and disease prevention have been utilized in the U. S. health care system for many of years and extensive research has been done on which preventive measures are most likely to protect individual health.Studies have also been done on what degree can preventions contribute to controlling costs of health care. Research supports the effectiveness of the preventative measures such as immunization, some forms of screening, avoidance of a high-fat diet, regular moderate exercise, as well the avoidance or cessation of exposure to tobacco. But research has also shown that preventative measures increase, rather than reduce, health care cos ts. Research has shown that preventative interventions preserve function and extend lives.Studies have shown immunization to be a good example of a prevention that promotes individual health and longevity. The benefits of immunization can been seen in young people and in the elderly. For decades the elderly have been receiving vaccination against influenza and it is also commonplace for young children to receive inoculations for diptheria, tentanus, pertussis, polio, meningitis-causing Haemophilus influenzae, measles, mups, rubells, and hepatitis B. 1 A study from the Netherlands demonstrates the health benefits of the elderly receiving annual influenza vaccination.The findings from the study were that the those who received annual vaccination experienced a reduced mortality risk of 24 percent and it was estimated that the vaccination prevented one death for every 302 people vaccinated. 1 Immunization has also eradicated diseases that once threaten the lives of children in the U. S. , as illustrated by the history of the disease pertussis. Between 1934 and 1943 there were on average 200,000 annual incidence of the disease, including over 4,000 deaths. After the introduction of childhood vaccination for pertussis in the 1940’s, reported cases drastically declined and reached a low of 1,000 in 1976. Research has also shown that some types of screening are good examples of preventative measures that effectively protect individuals. Screening is a strategy used to detect a disease in individuals who are without signs or symptoms of that disease. Between the early 1970s and 2000, use of the Pap test decreased incidence and mortality from invasive cervical cancer by 40 percent in the U. S. 1 The screening is almost an ideal because it is inexpensive, convenient, effective in detection, and cervical cancer is highly curable when detected early.The U. S. Preventive Services Task Force also strongly recommends screenings for colorectal cancer, high blood pressur e, and Chlamydia infection. 1 As significant as disease prevention, health promotions in lifestyle and risk reduction in the areas of tobacco, body weight, diet and exercise have been shown in studies to protect individual health. The most important of these studies that show the benefit of lifestyle preventative practices are the Framingham Heart Study and the Nurses’ Health Study.The Framingham Heart Study has been a main source of information regarding an individual’s attributes that lead to cardiovascular disease. The early findings of the study identified smoking, high blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose intolerance as risk factors for heart disease. 1 Before the study it was thought that heart disease may be unpredictable. Recently findings show that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a characteristic predictive of heart disease. The Framingham study had major implications on lifestyle in regards to physical activity and diet as preventative practices.It showed the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was less common in physically active individuals. The study also showed that being overweight is associated with risk factors such as lower levels of high-density lipoprotein, high blood pressure, and diabetes. The Nurses’ Health Study found similar results regarding the effects of diet and lifestyle on heart disease. The study concluded that among women, adherence to preventative practices involving diet, exercise, and abstinence from smoking is associated with a very low risk of coronary heart disease. The health risks of certain diets have also been the subject of many studies. Trials have shown that consumption of trans fatty acids produces factors that are predictive of heart disease. 1 Alternatively, studies have concluded that a preventative practice of a diet rich in non-trans fats, whole-grains, abundant fruits and vegetable, and adequate in omega-3 fatty acids offered significant reduction in heart diease. 1 Health prom otion and disease prevention has also been thought as a means to control health care costs in the US.It is seems logical to assume that health care cost would be reduced by individuals avoiding illness and that illness detected early are less expensive to treat. Research has shown that some preventative measures may reduce health cost, but many actually increase health care cost. The work of the economist Louise B. Russell offers very informative cost effectiveness analysis of the preventative practices of vaccination. 1 Russell studied a campaign during the 1960s to inoculate children against the measles shortly following the introduction of an anti-measles vaccine.She calculated the cost of the immunization intervention to be the sum of the cost of administering the vaccines and the cost of treating people who contracted measles, which included children that may have missed the vaccine or for who the vaccine was ineffective. Russell’s findings were that the intervention sav ed 973 lives and prevented 3,000 children from being mentally retarded. She also found that campaign reduced absenteeism from school and work due to measles by 34 million days.She concluded that the intervention cost $31 million, but saved $200 million in institutional care for children who would have become retarded had they not been vaccinated. This type of preventative measure can be seen as very cost effective. Russell also concluded that other vaccination programs weren’t cost effective. She found that a small pox vaccination administered to 37,901 people because of a threat of bioterrorism attack resulted in 85 hospitalizations, 10 life-threatening diseases, 2 permanently disabilities, and 3 deaths. This intervention proved very costly since there wasn’t a bioterrorism attack.The preventative measure of screening also proves to increase cost of health care in the US. The costs of screening include the diagnosis, medication, doctor visits, and treatment of side ef fects. Additional cost also result from the increased life expectancy of the individuals who are successfully treated. Conversely, if an individual isn’t screened the individual’s death result in the end of incurring health care costs. Screening for colorectal cancer, the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the U. S. , also revel an increase in the cost of health care.The American Cancer Society recommends that colonoscopies be the preferred method of screening. In 2005 colonoscopies amounted to 60% of all colorectal cancer tests. 3 But colonoscopy is expensive and carries a higher risk of serious complications that other screening choices. Cost benefit analysis of cervical cancer screening also illustrate the increase in health care costs. Studies by a research team in Georgetown University indicated that Pap tests reduced deaths by 75% when done every three years and the cost per quality-adjusted life year gained would have been $11,839.The study also found that a more aggressive treatment resulted in deaths reduced by 95%, but the of a cost per quality-adjusted life year gained would increase to $76,183. 1 Health promotion interventions in lifestyle offer uncertain cost-effectiveness and cost impact. A case can also be made that tobacco control increases the costs of health care and that smoking itself is an effective cost control. Smokers due require more medical care when they are alive, but upon the death of smokers, saving can be realized in nursing homes expenses, and the unutilized pension and Social Security benefits.Cost effectiveness analysis is not a complete approach to view health promotion and disease prevention. Though costly, preventative interventions in immunization, screening and lifestyle have been found by research to protect individual health. Cost effectiveness analysis should then rather be concerned with comparing alternative interventions. A good example of this type analysis is of colorectal screening, in which recommendation was for the intervention that would save the most lives at a given expenditure level. Russell said it best that â€Å"even when prevention does not save money, it can be a worthwhile investment in better health, and this- not cost savings- is the criterion on which it should be judged. †1 1. Greenwald HP. 2010. Health Care in the United States: Organization, Management, and Policy 2. Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson et al. 2000. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 3. Subramanian S, Bobashev G, Morris RJ. 2010. When budgets are tight, there are better options than colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. Health Affairs

Food and Culture Essay

That is, both mother and child are being watched, judged, and constructed by society since making a good obento may please her child and also affirm that she is a good mother, and child consuming their entire meal in a appropriate manner is considered well-taught. This social phenomenon represents that culture is constructed with power which exerts a force which operates in ways that are subtle, disguised, and accepted as everyday social practice. Another essay Carole Counihan’s â€Å"Mexicanas’ Food Voice and Differential Consciousness in the San Luis Valley of Colorado† uses the case of Ryubal to suggest how women can display differential consciousness through their practices and beliefs surrounding food. In society where traditional division of labor in cooking is still prevalent, a Mexican women Helen Ryubal challenged the traditional views of women and cooking by rejecting cooking, making husbands respect women who cooked, and involving husband in cooking. Her strategy not only minimized the subordinating dimensions of reproductive labor but also valued and benefited from the help of her mother, sister, and husband. Her attempt has been based on her ideologies which was developed from differential consciousness which is â€Å"a key strategy used by dominated peoples to survive demeaning and disempowering structures and ideologies† (175). Both essays are focusing on the relationship between food and gender through each case. Allison considered obentos as a container of cultural meanings, and social expectations from women and their performance and effort in obentos. Counihan’s ethnographic research of Ryubal also provided evolved relationship between women and food which could be possible due to her differential consciousness. Two authors both used a certain level of methodology to associate with their claim such as Ideological State Apparatus and differential consciousness. This utilization strongly supports their claim and strengthens the relationship between gender and food in culture. Moreover, both authors imply the relationship food is not a mere subject but rather deeply involved with society and its ideology. As the readings focus on the relationship between gender and food, it is evident that this relationship is deeply rooted in cultural representation. To be more specific, culture constructs what is considered as normal, custom, reasonable, acceptable under ideology. The hegemonic view from this culture forms women’s custodial relationship with food. As an asian woman, I also have countless experience relating to food. Similar to most of asian culture, the society’s expectation from woman is still traditional- cooking is women’s role and they are suppose to serve their men and rest of the family. Like Ryubal’s challenge, the counter-hegemonic view toward woman’s relationship to food and reasonable, modern alternatives are necessary.

Educational Attainment in China after 1949 Essay

This essay is about the two readings involving research on educational attainment in China, particularly, the effects of state policies and social origins of people in China who are trying to obtain their education, on particular periods. We will begin by discussing the first research paper by Deng and Treiman. The Treiman paper discussed its intention to gather and analyze data to answer the three hypotheses, namely: 1) Effect on social origin in China as education expands, during the Cultural Revolution; 2) Considerable effect of educational attainment among the bureaucrats of China during the Cultural Revolution; and 3) Considerable effect of educational attainment to men of elitist background as compared to men of military or cadre background, during the Cultural Revolution (Treiman, 413) . The Treiman paper gathered and analyzed its data from a particular period of China’s census returns. The conclusion for the three hypotheses was in the affirmative. During Cultural Revolution, state policies was implemented to foster educational attainment among the youth of working class or peasant background, and has discriminated the youth of elitist background, thus proving the first theory true (Treiman, 424) . It should also follow the second theory as true as the data showed a decline of educational attainment among the elitist, and an increase of educational attainment among the peasants (Treiman, 424) . Incidentally, the data also showed that even the decline affects both elitist and cadres or with military background, much impact was felt by the elitist rather than the cadre, thus proving the third theory true (Treiman, 425) . In the second research, Zhou, Moen and Tuma measured the effects of educational attainment based on social origin on a more stretched period as compared to the Treiman paper. The Tuma paper explored four historical periods: The Great Leap Forward, Destratification Policies, Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Era. The Tuma paper further made use of interviewing respondents on particular cities for its data and to prove their hypothesis that socio-economic status was not a factor in attaining education, rather, political status dictated educational attainment during those four periods (Tuma, 201) . The results of the data showed the same as that of the results discussed with the Treiman paper. However, it does not particularly established its theory as true since the data results were varied, having educational attainment effects on all three classes in all historical periods (Tuma, 217) . The two papers indeed came with the same data results, that there are effects on educational attainment based on social origins. The papers differ in such ways as using specific topics. The Treiman paper was clear in its intention to answer its theories because its theories were more specific than the theory used by the Tuma paper. Treiman paper likewise used a specific Era, while the Tuma paper explored four periods, which could be quite confusing. Further, aside from using social origin as basis of the research, the Tuma paper dwelled on other basis such as gender inequality and geographical location, thus creating more confusion.

Response Paper 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response Paper 4 - Essay Example Historians in the intentionalist side of the divide believe that the Holocaust has been the Fuhrer’s objective all along and has, in fact, been in the offing since 1919. The policy, which came to be known as the Last Solution, has been credited to Hitler’s madness alone and no one else’s (or at least primarily) though, according to Totten & Feinberg, he was influenced by the anti-Semitism sentiments in Germany and Austria back in the nineteenth century (29). Here, the Nazi structure has been reduced to a mere tool – a mechanism carrying out Hitler’s specific orders to annihilate the Jews in Europe. On the other hand, the functionalist argument dilutes Hitler’s complicity in the Holocaust. The main premise of this stand is that anti-Semitism has flourished in the German society, particularly in the Nazi hierarchy, whose members either wanted drastic solutions to Germany’s problems or to please their Fuhrer or both. Here, it is assumed that such deep-rooted anger towards the Jews made it easier for the bureaucracy to adopt a coordinated program in so short a time to exterminate the Jewish population. According to Berger, there are no evidences that specifically points to direct orders from Hitler himself and that what has been determined was an order to purge Germany of Jews, but with no explicit command as to how this will be achieved (5). In examining the merits and demerits of the arguments raised by the intentionalist and functionalist perpsectives, two important facts emerge. First is that both have legitimate claims to credibility and significance. For example, there are rich sources that demonstrate the systematic evolution of Hitler’s hate towards the Jews and these underscored how it became easier for him to attempt to annihilate the race, using the war as a pretext. Here, it also became easier for historians to credibly justify the sheer insanity of the mass murder. The breadth and

Child Labor and the Global Village Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Labor and the Global Village - Essay Example CLGV also recognize the argument of some social scientists that not all work is harmful for children. Some works, according to these thinkers are unobjectionable like when a child delivers newspapers before going to school. According to CLGV, child labor is "work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way." The harm can be bestowed physically, mentally, morally, as well as block access to the basic right to education. The organization also concede the fact the there is no universally accepted definition of child labor and that various definitions are utilized by international organizations, non-governmental organizations, trade unions and interest groups. CLGV also elaborates child labor by delineating a child as someone who is under 18 years of age (Images of Child Labor). CLGV also recognize the argument of some social scientists that not all work is harmful for children. Some works, according to these thinkers are unobjectionable like when a child delivers newspaper s before going to school.

Strategic Management, Analysis of the Strategic Situation of HTC and Essay

Strategic Management, Analysis of the Strategic Situation of HTC and Its Industry - Essay Example HTC was founded in the year 1997 and commenced its business with manufacturing and designing of mobile accessories. Since the year 2006, HTC has introduced many mobile phones with various portfolios like tablet, android and smartphones for the developing markets (HTC, 2012). The objective of this paper is to analyse about the strategic current situation of HTC in the smartphone industry. The analysis would take into consideration industry analysis by using Porter’s five forces model, industry lifecycle analysis and value chain analysis. The study would also endeavour to comprehend the scale and the scope for HTC in respect of the existing industry scenario in the upcoming future. Analysis of the Strategic Situation In the present market scenario, it is observed that a number of companies are manufacturing smartphone along with HTC like Apple, Samsung, Nokia and Sony Ericsson among others. Due to which, the competition among the companies is rising day-by-day in the mobile phon e market. As a result, many advanced technology smartphones have been launched in the market. A few companies have been recognised to have lost out somewhat in market competition due to facing a lack in terms of offered technology in their smartphones or other mobile devices (Hu & Meier, 2010). With due reference to the context, it can be observed that HTC has been facing quite a tough scenario in the smartphone market to sustain its position among the topmost brands. Since the year 2006, HTC had expanded its reach with its smartphone in a number of global markets. HTC was the first cellular manufacturing company to introduce android phone in the market. Subsequently, it was observed that from 2010 onwards HTC faced a downfall because of the vast developments with modern technologies among the competitors’ products. The leading competitors of HTC include Nokia, Samsung and Apple. These companies also started to offer competitive brands of smartphones which significantly affec ted the sales of HTC. Generally, HTC was affected due to the rapid growths of Samsung and Apple’s smarphones such as Galaxy line as well as iPhone respectively. Moreover, Sensation and Desire brands of HTC smartphone have also faced quite indifferent responses from the consumers. Thus, this aspect has also led towards the declining trend of HTC in the smartphone market (Hu & Meier, 2010). Source: (Dotmobi, 2012). The above depicted figure depicts the position of the smartphone manufacturing companies in the present scenario. Therefore, it can be avowed that HTC, in recent times, has considerably lacked behind as compared to its major competitors such as Samsung, Apple and Nokia among others. Thus, by considering the downfall, HTC needs to recognise certain strategies to improve its product and to fight back against its competitors. Key strategies that can be employed include making product modifications, changing to the fast-moving approach for unpredictable markets, creating enhanced brand awareness through positioning and targeting high end users (Hu & Meier, 201