Part Six Chapter III

III Andrew had refused a lift back to Hilltop House, so it was only Tessa and Fats in the car together, and Fats said, ‘I don't want to go home.' ‘All right,' Tessa replied, and she drove, while talking to Colin on the telephone. ‘I've got him †¦ Andy found him. We'll be back in a bit †¦ Yes †¦ Yes, I will †¦' Tears were spattering down Fats' face; his body was betraying him; it was exactly like the time when hot urine had spilt down his leg into his sock, when Simon Price had made him piss himself. The hot saltiness leaked over his chin and onto his chest, pattering like drops of rain. He kept imagining the funeral. A tiny little coffin. He had not wanted to do it with the boy so near. Would the weight of the dead child ever lift from him? ‘So you ran away,' said Tessa coldly, over his tears. She had prayed that she would find him alive, but her strongest emotion was disgust. His tears did not soften her. She was used to men's tears. Part of her was ashamed that he had not, after all, thrown himself into the river. ‘Krystal told the police that you and she were in the bushes. You just left him to his own devices, did you?' Fats was speechless. He could not believe her cruelty. Did she not understand the desolation roaring inside him, the horror, the sense of contagion? ‘Well, I hope you have got her pregnant,' said Tessa. ‘It'll give her something to live for.' Every time they turned a corner, he thought that she was taking him home. He had feared Cubby most, but now there was nothing to choose between his parents. He wanted to get out of the car, but she had locked all the doors. Without warning, she swerved and braked. Fats, clutching the sides of his seat, saw that they were in a lay-by on the Yarvil bypass. Frightened that she would order him out of the car, he turned his swollen face to her. ‘Your birth mother,' she said, looking at him as she had never done before, without pity or kindness, ‘was fourteen years old. We had the impression, from what we were told, that she was middle class, quite a bright girl. She absolutely refused to say who your father was. Nobody knew whether she was trying to protect an under-age boyfriend or something worse. We were told all of this, in case you had any mental or physical difficulties. In case,' she said clearly, like a teacher trying to emphasize a point sure to come up in a test, ‘you had been the result of incest.' He cowered away from her. He would have preferred to be shot. ‘I was desperate to adopt you,' she said. ‘Desperate. But Dad was very ill. He said to me, â€Å"I can't do it. I'm scared I'll hurt a baby. I need to get better before we do this, and I can't do that and cope with a new baby as well.† ‘But I was so determined to have you,' said Tessa, ‘that I pressured him into lying, and telling the social workers that he was fine, and pretending to be happy and normal. We brought you home, and you were tiny and premature, and on the fifth night we had you, Dad slipped out of bed and went to the garage, put a hosepipe on the exhaust of the car and tried to kill himself, because he was convinced he'd smothered you. And he almost died. ‘So you can blame me,' said Tessa, ‘for your and Dad's bad start, and maybe you can blame me for everything that's come since. But I'll tell you this, Stuart. Your father's spent his life facing up to things he never did. I don't expect you to understand his kind of courage. But,' her voice broke at last, and he heard the mother he knew, ‘he loves you, Stuart.' She added the lie because she could not help herself. Tonight, for the first time, Tessa was convinced that it was a lie, and also that everything she had done in her life, telling herself that it was for the best, had been no more than blind selfishness, generating confusion and mess all around. But who could bear to know which stars were already dead, she thought, blinking up at the night sky; could anybody stand to know that they all were? She turned the key in the ignition, crashed the gears and they pulled out again onto the bypass. ‘I don't want to go to the Fields,' said Fats in terror. ‘We're not going to the Fields,' she said. ‘I'm taking you home.'

Global Environmental Issues

Environmental issues are a major problem in our world, and all people need to recognize the need for our social obligations. The effect of humans on our planet has increased significantly over the years. Not only is the population constantly growing, there is â€Å"new technical power to dig deeper, cut faster, build larger, and traverse more quickly great distances in automobiles, trucks, and planes† (Brown, 2001). Severe environmental issues have appeared throughout the world as a result. It is very important that environmentalists work to educate everyone so that they can learn how to make the most effective ethical decisions in order to preserve nature. There are ethical and social obligations that the world needs to consider when it comes to environmental issues. People do not have respect for nature because they think they are superior, but everyone should learn how to live in harmony with nature and the environment. It is critical that we learn how to preserve our world in which we live. Climate change and global warming, gas emissions, population growth, and energy security are just a few of the many areas of environmental issues that we need to address in our world. All of these areas could have disastrous global consequences, and everyone should learn how to make the best decisions to try to protect the environment. â€Å"The climate is changing. The earth is warming up, and there is now overwhelming scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global warming on the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishing. Many are agreed that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet† (Anup, 2009). Global warming and climate change can be best described as an increase in average global temperatures. The increases in â€Å"greenhouse gases† such as carbon dioxide created by human activities are one of the main causes contributing to the increase of global temperatures (Anup, 2009). Many people do not understand exactly the meaning of greenhouse gases. â€Å"The meaning of the greenhouse effect can be defined in these following steps: ? Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface; ? In turn, the earth radiates energy back into space; ?Some atmospheric gases including water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse; ? These gases are therefore known as greenhouse gases; ?The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature on Earth as certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy (Anup, 2009). † Here is an illustration showing the increased levels of gases that affect everyone on our planet. Gas emissions can be a huge problem that we are facing in today’s world. Human industrialization processes are growing at a very rapid pace. Carbon dioxide is the most significant of the greenhouse gases although it is not the strongest one (Anup, 2009). Most of the industrialized nations are responsible for the carbon dioxide emissions that can cause so much damage. The more underdeveloped countries do not contribute as much to this problem. Global warming affects us in more ways than we realize. Global warming will possibly lead to the following situations: rapid global heating, dramatic increase in greenhouse gas emissions, ozone loss, warming of the oceans, permafrost thawing, oceanic changes, massive extinction of species, and sudden collapse of biological and ecological systems may occur (Anup, 2009). The over population of the planet is also a concern for environmental ethics. The increased population helps to increase the amount of greenhouse gases, but it mainly contributes to the consumption of our world’s natural resources. The more advanced countries like the United States use so many resources. Our people waste so much more than they help to conserve. â€Å"Energy security is a growing concern for rich and emerging nations alike. The past drive for fossil fuel energy has led to wars, overthrow of democratically elected leaders, and puppet governments and dictatorships. † There are many concerns and fears which include oil and other fossil fuel depletion, reliance on foreign sources of energy, energy demands rising from advancing developing countries such as China and India, economic efficiency versus population growth debate, and renewable and other alternative energy sources. Shah, 2009). Many people are scared that we are wasting too much of our fossil fuels. They think that if we keep going at our current rate, we will quickly use up all of our fossil fuels. People need to try to consider all of the facts so that we can make good ethical decisions. It would be very wise to invest in alternatives to fossil fuels. In the present and future, we need to work on preser ving as much as we possibly can. Currently, we are trying to find alternative fuel sources instead of using all of our oil. That is just one example of ethical decisions that we are committing to. If everyone was informed about all of the dangers so that they could better understand the issues we are facing, they might possibly make better ethical decisions in their daily lives. Concluding, everyone in our world needs to wake up and notice what is going on around them. If we want our children to have a safe place to live in this world, we need to start doing everything that we can in order to protect and preserve it. It is our moral and social obligations to make ethical decisions because our decisions affect everyone around us. Climate change and global warming, gas emissions, population growth, and energy security are just a few of the things that we need to worry about. It is our responsibility to educate ourselves on these issues so that we can implement better and safer processes to use. Working together, we can help to come up with new ideas and slow down our destruction of our environment and homes. References Anup, S. (2009, December 30). Climate Change and Global Warming. Retrieved January 17, 2010, from Global Issues: http://www. globalissues. org/issue/178/climate-change-and-global-warming Brennan, A. , & Lo, Y. -S. (n. d. ). Environmental Ethics. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2009 Edition): http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/win2009/entries/ethics-environmental Brown, D. A. (2001). The Ethical Dimensions of Global Environmental Issues. Retrieved January 21, 2010, from American Academy of Arts & Sciences: http://www. amacad. org/publications/fall2001/brown. aspx Ruggiero, V. R. (2008). Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues, (7th Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Shah, A. (2009, Novemeber 20). Energy Security. Retrieved January 16, 2010, from Global Issues: http://www. globalissues. org/artical/595/energy-security Global Environmental Issues Environmental issues are a major problem in our world, and all people need to recognize the need for our social obligations. The effect of humans on our planet has increased significantly over the years. Not only is the population constantly growing, there is â€Å"new technical power to dig deeper, cut faster, build larger, and traverse more quickly great distances in automobiles, trucks, and planes† (Brown, 2001). Severe environmental issues have appeared throughout the world as a result. It is very important that environmentalists work to educate everyone so that they can learn how to make the most effective ethical decisions in order to preserve nature. There are ethical and social obligations that the world needs to consider when it comes to environmental issues. People do not have respect for nature because they think they are superior, but everyone should learn how to live in harmony with nature and the environment. It is critical that we learn how to preserve our world in which we live. Climate change and global warming, gas emissions, population growth, and energy security are just a few of the many areas of environmental issues that we need to address in our world. All of these areas could have disastrous global consequences, and everyone should learn how to make the best decisions to try to protect the environment. â€Å"The climate is changing. The earth is warming up, and there is now overwhelming scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global warming on the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishing. Many are agreed that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet† (Anup, 2009). Global warming and climate change can be best described as an increase in average global temperatures. The increases in â€Å"greenhouse gases† such as carbon dioxide created by human activities are one of the main causes contributing to the increase of global temperatures (Anup, 2009). Many people do not understand exactly the meaning of greenhouse gases. â€Å"The meaning of the greenhouse effect can be defined in these following steps: ? Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface; ? In turn, the earth radiates energy back into space; ?Some atmospheric gases including water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse; ? These gases are therefore known as greenhouse gases; ?The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature on Earth as certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy (Anup, 2009). † Here is an illustration showing the increased levels of gases that affect everyone on our planet. Gas emissions can be a huge problem that we are facing in today’s world. Human industrialization processes are growing at a very rapid pace. Carbon dioxide is the most significant of the greenhouse gases although it is not the strongest one (Anup, 2009). Most of the industrialized nations are responsible for the carbon dioxide emissions that can cause so much damage. The more underdeveloped countries do not contribute as much to this problem. Global warming affects us in more ways than we realize. Global warming will possibly lead to the following situations: rapid global heating, dramatic increase in greenhouse gas emissions, ozone loss, warming of the oceans, permafrost thawing, oceanic changes, massive extinction of species, and sudden collapse of biological and ecological systems may occur (Anup, 2009). The over population of the planet is also a concern for environmental ethics. The increased population helps to increase the amount of greenhouse gases, but it mainly contributes to the consumption of our world’s natural resources. The more advanced countries like the United States use so many resources. Our people waste so much more than they help to conserve. â€Å"Energy security is a growing concern for rich and emerging nations alike. The past drive for fossil fuel energy has led to wars, overthrow of democratically elected leaders, and puppet governments and dictatorships. † There are many concerns and fears which include oil and other fossil fuel depletion, reliance on foreign sources of energy, energy demands rising from advancing developing countries such as China and India, economic efficiency versus population growth debate, and renewable and other alternative energy sources. Shah, 2009). Many people are scared that we are wasting too much of our fossil fuels. They think that if we keep going at our current rate, we will quickly use up all of our fossil fuels. People need to try to consider all of the facts so that we can make good ethical decisions. It would be very wise to invest in alternatives to fossil fuels. In the present and future, we need to work on preser ving as much as we possibly can. Currently, we are trying to find alternative fuel sources instead of using all of our oil. That is just one example of ethical decisions that we are committing to. If everyone was informed about all of the dangers so that they could better understand the issues we are facing, they might possibly make better ethical decisions in their daily lives. Concluding, everyone in our world needs to wake up and notice what is going on around them. If we want our children to have a safe place to live in this world, we need to start doing everything that we can in order to protect and preserve it. It is our moral and social obligations to make ethical decisions because our decisions affect everyone around us. Climate change and global warming, gas emissions, population growth, and energy security are just a few of the things that we need to worry about. It is our responsibility to educate ourselves on these issues so that we can implement better and safer processes to use. Working together, we can help to come up with new ideas and slow down our destruction of our environment and homes. References Anup, S. (2009, December 30). Climate Change and Global Warming. Retrieved January 17, 2010, from Global Issues: http://www. globalissues. org/issue/178/climate-change-and-global-warming Brennan, A. , & Lo, Y. -S. (n. d. ). Environmental Ethics. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2009 Edition): http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/win2009/entries/ethics-environmental Brown, D. A. (2001). The Ethical Dimensions of Global Environmental Issues. Retrieved January 21, 2010, from American Academy of Arts & Sciences: http://www. amacad. org/publications/fall2001/brown. aspx Ruggiero, V. R. (2008). Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues, (7th Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Shah, A. (2009, Novemeber 20). Energy Security. Retrieved January 16, 2010, from Global Issues: http://www. globalissues. org/artical/595/energy-security

Gender Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender Dynamics - Essay Example The difference of sex and gender implies a great deal today as social reforms have transformed the world since the rule of the masculine species to a more restrained co-existing living with the feminine species. Just to draw a clear line between the two, sex refers to the biological characteristics distinguishing male and female. Sexual definition of the male and female species is characterized by their differences in the physical aspects such as chromosomes, anatomy, hormones, reproductive systems, and other physiological components. On the other hand, gender refers to the social, cultural, and psychological traits linked to males and females through particular social contexts. Therefore, sex makes people male or female while gender makes people masculine or feminine. Sex is an attributed status because a person is born with it, but gender is an acquired status because it is a learned behavior through a person’s interaction with society and culture (Lindsey 4). Citing the dif ference between sex and gender did not totally entail gender equality and societal restructuring but has largely contributed especially in behalf of the female species and all the feminists who work for the value of women in the society such as equality in all terms with men which have moved many people all over the world, not just females but as well as feminists males who believe in justice between both genders. From all the years that gender roles issues have gone through, modern day gender dynamics is an outcome of years of reforms and challenges in bringing gender equality in all aspects of the society. Despite all these changes, a question in mind still possess a degree of doubt of whether if the world has totally evolved into a society of equal co-existence and gender dynamics. Within the chapter are some readings that fall under this category. One of the readings, authored by Phyllis Chesler, talks about how gender dynamics are still biased in the modern society where everyb ody seems to be enjoying freedom and feminism seem to fail on this concept. Within the essay Chesler (231) defined the victors and pitfalls of feminism that lead to the modern day gender dynamics. According to Chesler (229), today is the time when woman can and must make a difference. Truly the world presently has well known feminine leaders, professionals, scientists, researchers, etc. that contributes as much if not more than the male counterpart. Feminism had ended gender biased injustices such as violence against women, rape, many forms of oppression and neglect directed to women and has paved way for equality in education, healthcare and workforce (Chesler 230). Today the world has more literate, productive and empowering women contributing to better outcome in economy, education and healthcare which is far from the traditional woman of the dark past who were stripped off the rights to power, to education, to freedom of choice and the right to property just assuming a secondary caring role behind the strength of a man (Chesler 230). Despite the remarkable changes gender roles leaped over the years still women are encouraged not to rest among these victories. Chesler (231) notes that gender inequality still exists in other parts of the world and the contemporary thinking has led feminism into passivity. The modern feminists are focused on sexual rights and issues of women that the movement for more significant changes for societal benefit lies behind. Today, though women can go for a man’s work same wage level is not assured. The society should be penetrated with equal gender dynamics to provide equality in all a

Health Care and Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care and Death - Essay Example For some people, death is the ultimate end. They don't see anything beyond death whereas for some, death is just a beginning for a life after death. I believe in life after death and this somehow helps me see death in a different light. For me, I see death as a necessary painful process in order for something beautiful to arise. In nursing school, we are taught and prepared on how to deal with patients and how to deal with the death of some of these patients. We are told to build rapport and empathize with them, but still keeping in mind the boundaries of a patient-nurse relationship. However, as Patch Adams said, transference and counter-transference are inevitable. As I spend more time with my patients, I get to know more about their personal lives and from just mere strangers, these patients become my friends. Even harder to deal with are patients will terminal diseases like cancer as these are the patients that I spend time with them for months even up to years. These patients have to accept the fact that they have little time left. The grieving process for the patient and his loved ones start from the time of diagnosis. The hard part is that they have to deal with death while the person is still living. Honestly, I am affected whenever I see my dying patients suffer not just physically, but emotionally as well.

Body Diversity in the Media, Body Types, Obesity in the Media Essay

Body Diversity in the Media, Body Types, Obesity in the Media - Essay Example vanelli and Ostertag, this is the concept of panopticism taking effect in which people alter their behavior due the feeling that other people are constantly observing and judging them (p.1). In fact, these changed attitudes have been incorporated in almost all sectors of contemporary societies such as media hence gaining greater acceptance as time advances. In relation to body diversities such as obesity, people tend to take the one sided view seeking to lay all blame on the victims. Obesity is heavily associated with lack of discipline and self-control with the basic believe that it is the victims’ fault. As such there seems to be no much harm in discriminating against obese people. In fact, having negative attitudes towards obese people is in most instances regarded different from other discriminations such as against race or gender among others. Additionally, unlike lines of discrimination, there are no federal laws or significant measures to defend the rights of fat people except in Michigan where there is ban on discrimination on basis of weight (Brown 2010, para. 2). This explains the shared negative attitude towards fat people that allows people to blatantly comment about them oblivious of the personal harm that may be caused to the victims. Social settings have seemingly no platform for fat people to express themselves and the amount of judgment is unmeasurable. Although in general all fat people receive a significant amount discrimination, there seems to be focus on women. A comparison between obese men and women shows that women are more harshly treated than men. This can be attributed to the definitions of femininity that have become so deeply rooted in people’s minds over time. Women in most societies are expected to be keen about their physical appearances in which body size is at the top of the list. Taking greater focus on Western cultures, there is a general notion that dissociates beauty from fat bodies. To some extent this explains the

Organizational Design and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organizational Design and Culture - Essay Example Earlier Home Depot was following decentralized organizational process. Due to increasing competition within the market place the organization decided to bring change in the organizational design. They transformed to centralization process in order to concentrate the decision making authority at the higher levels within the organization. Maintain appropriate balance between the centralization and decentralization process is huge challenge for several leading global organizations. Home Depot is one of the global retail giant. The organization has more than 2000 retail stores across the globe (Griffin, 2007). This centralization process allows the store managers to undertake several decisions independently and autonomously. Therefore, it can be stated that each retail outlet of Home Depot has entrepreneurial work culture. This process helped to save lot of money and increase business productivity. This centralization process helps the company to reduce operational cost as the company ne gotiates effective discounts from the existing suppliers. Home Depot follows flatter organizational hierarchy. The organizational hierarchy of Home Depot consists of few layers. Flatter organizational hierarchy helps an organization to provide its employees huge level of self actualization and greater satisfaction needs. At the same point of time there are several disadvantages too. Due to limited management layers, this organizational structure cannot provide effective advancement opportunity to the employees. Home Depot implemented multidivisional structure in their departmentalization process. This divisional structure helps to represent several unique employees, geographic locations, customers, products and services for the organizations. For an example, a marketing executive within an organization with a divisional organizational structure may be in the charge of promotional planning, and scheduling and executing a marketing research for a particular product line controlled by that executive’s division. Formalization structure is one of the important and effective tools of Home Depot’s organizational design. Formalization structure helps to develop effective rules and regulations. It controls the employee behavior. This formalization structure helped Home Depot to provide the organizational direction to the employees. Due to this structure the employee behavior becomes more predictable. This structure helps the employees to follow the specific guideline or legal organizational procedure of an organization in a critical situation. This strategy is generally utilized in the service industry. Mechanism structure is another organizational design tool of Home Depot. This organizational structural tool is very much centralized and formalized. Home Depot follows formal communication process with the help of this structure. This structure forces the employees to follow discipline and take effective responsibility depending upon the job role. This st ructure helps an organization to maximize the organizational efficiency and minimize the operational cost. Question 2 Home Depot employed an effective corporate culture in order to support the business strategies. The organization follows cluster strategy to utilize the work group in the organization. It helps to accomplish the future goals and objectives of the organization. The managers help the employees to work collaboratively. The store managers divide the

Destination Report & Presentation Research Paper

Destination Report & Presentation - Research Paper Example Leading on from here, the number of tourist sites and services that a person may have at disposal upon visiting a single country is so much. In some cases, the planning of tourism trips has become a problem for travelers when it comes to destination and services selection. It is from this point that the need for the use of information and community technology in making the situation easier becomes necessary. This paper therefore looks at the designing of a location based information delivery system that makes it possible for tourists to access information from various tourism locations and also exchange information to such locations to make the reception of tourism services easier. The researcher opines that this location based information delivery in tourism will serve a two-tier purpose of benefiting both the tourist as a service user and the tourism operators as service providers. More specifically, the destination to be used in this location based information delivery is Ottawa i n Canada, which is one of Canada’s four largest tourism metropolitan areas (O’Grady and O’Hare, 2002). ... In the first place, there is an element of client device that is built to host a web browser. A typical example of such a client device could be a mobile phone, a tablet computer or a laptop (Berger et al, 2007). There is also an element of customized web application server that makes it possible for users to receive and input web contents that meet the context of users. The essence of this element of the system architecture is to ensure that tourists visiting Ottawa have the freedom and will to make choices of selection based on user pre-defined preferences and options (Kjeldskov and Paay, 2005). What is more, it is expected that the system architecture for the location based information delivery system would encompass the presence of a universal description, discovery and integration (UDDI) service directory that focuses on the provision of tourist information services such as hotel accommodation finder services. Such UDDI services would ensure that the search for locations is siev ed and made much easier. More to the above, the presence of a context manager is also very important for the system architecture. This is because with such context manager, data that is input into the system can easier be stored for future retrieval and usage. Such data will be treated by the system as user dynamic context so that for all future searches these options will show up as user preferences, making it easier for future choices to be made. It is expected that some of the user dynamic contexts that will be considered by the system would include but not limited to location, wireless device features, identities, password, and data usage (Schernthanner and

Critical Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Review - Research Paper Example The major objective of the research was to analyze the moderating role of professional self efficacy in coping behaviour while meeting the demands of the job. The paper would critically review the study on the wider context of the research methodology adopted to demonstrate the effectiveness of hypotheses used. Critique The scholars have used quantitative research methodology for validating social cognitive theory of self efficacy. The methodology chiefly relies on the fact that the data sought can be quantified and thus can be applied on large number of people. The generalization of a theory therefore, becomes the most significant aspect of the current research. Heterogeneous sample, comprising of 625 employees from different companies cutting across wide range of socio-economic demography and occupation was used. 51% male and 49% female representation in the sample helped reduce gender biases. The broad spectrum of demographic representation greatly facilitated the validity of the study. The measurement technique adopted was in the form of self report questionnaire that was distributed to the employees and collected after completion by a member of the research team. The study was conducted under the pre-defined hypotheses that primarily focused on the fact that self efficacy is directly related to the coping strategies. It was also assumed that it acts as a moderating element between the demands of the job and coping strategies that are used under defined situations. The variables used were the imperatives of job demands that included work overload and role conflict, professional self efficacy and two types of coping behaviour; active and passive. The coping behaviour was dependent variable that was evaluated against the independent variables like professional self efficacy, gender, age, quantitative work overload and role conflict. Work overload and role conflict were important stressors that significantly helped to analyze the moderating role of professiona l self efficacy. Hierarchal multiple regression analysis is very useful in measuring interaction effect (Cohen and Cohen, 1983). Thus, it was used separately with two dependent variables and hypotheses were successfully tested when independent variables were introduced within the statistical analysis. Large sample size across wide demographic segment has helped to provide important evidence that professional self efficacy is indeed vital ingredient of positive coping behaviour. The cognitive social theory of professional self efficacy was critical element of research hypotheses that significantly helped to identify the extent of its impact on the coping behaviour of the participants. The study has greatly facilitated in addressing the challenges of the time. The various elements that adversely impact the work performance of the employees are important issues within the wide ranging paradigms of human resource management. The study has found strong linkages that can considerably infl uence the performance of the workforce. The professional self efficacy is broadly described as the professional skills and capabilities of the workers that encourage them to take on the challenges of the job with more confidence. Hence, if the employee is professionally better equipped than his counterpart, he would be better able to manage the demands of the job. Higher level of job proficiency promotes proactive behaviour that thrives on solving the

Comparison-Contrast life before the internet vs life after the Essay

Comparison-Contrast life before the internet vs life after the internet - Essay Example Camacho indicates that it was tedious to send since it could take up to an hour or longer to write and then stuff the letter into an envelope, fix a stamp and then drop into a mailbox. It took quite a few days for the letter to be delivered. Today we are at advantage since we can sit in front of a computer and type an e-mail then send with just one click of a button and it reaches its destination right away. As technology advances, we have also seen changes in conversation; these differences may be seen as more of an improvement rather than a mere paradigm shift as with letters versus email (Camacho, para3). Earlier, the only way of having a conversation was through a live conversation with someone at a distant location over the telephone. Telephone has evolved along with the internet and now there is more option available to us. We can now use a choice of instantaneous messengers on the computer to chat, in addition to having a phone dialogue with someone. The way people live, play and work has been changed by the internet. People book all the elements of a vocation online and play travel agent unlike before when one had to go all the way to the booking office and do the bookings. Today people can arrange their bills to be paid automatically even when they are not there physically. The internet has brought a lot of changes and faster reachable information.

Legislative Requirements of Teaching in Your Specialist Area Essay Example for Free

Legislative Requirements of Teaching in Your Specialist Area Essay Working as a Financial Capability tutor my personal and work values are led by the ethos for Citizens Advice Bureau, my employer; here we value diversity, promote equality and challenge discrimination; our aims and principles set out to both provide the advice people need for the problems they face and improve the policies and practices that affect people’s lives. There are many legislative requirements (laws), and codes of practice (directives and professional ethics) that need to be considered in a learning environment. My organisation has its own policies and proceedures that are applicable to the particular environment; these underpin the legislation to act according to the law as defined in an Act of Parliament and usually enforceable through the courts. My interpretation of ones that will effect me as a teacher are given here. The Health and Safely at Work Act (1974) Everyone has a responsibility for their own safety at work and also a duty to protect the safety and welfare of others, this effects every single organisation. Even if the learners are adults there are still rules and regulations that must be adhered to; As a teacher I need to be fully aware of these rules and ensure that any learners I teach are too. I should always make the class aware of the nearest fire exists and advise of who the fist-aiders are within the building. I must always follow best practise and to lead by example. Risk Assessments are also the responsibility of the teacher in order to establish practices that minimise risk and record any high risk activities. I need to analyse any potential risks when instructing activities within the class. It is my responsibility to assess any risk levels prior to commencement of any tasks in order to minimise the risks. If there are any accidents or incidents, I must also keep a record of these. There are then the legislations that are drawn from the Human Rights Act 2000. Disability Discrimination Act (1995 and 2005) Equality Act 2010 Teachers must respect these laws have been passed to ensure that no one is discriminated against irrespective of any disability (physical or mental) they may have or their gender, age, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation or marital status/domestic circumstances. For the teacher this means ensuring language, handouts and other learning materials are free from bias; and that inappropriate comments are challenged within the classroom. The environment and all support structures should enable access and include facilities to meet all learners’ needs. . I must ensure that any activities I set are suitable for all learners to participate and must not make any learner feel excluded by their disability. Also when advertising courses and delivering learning, a teacher should not stereotype or in any way disadvantage a group of learners. I would also be using Safeguarding of Vulnerable Adults training when working with my students. Data Protection Act 1998 The DPA requires any organisation that holds sensitive data on anyone for over two months to register as data users. As a teacher, I need to be cautious of how I store my learners personal or sensitive information. I should never share someone’s personal or sensitive information with any other person. Freedom of information act 2000 As an amendment to the Data Protection act the freedom of information act makes provision for the disclosure of information held by public authorities or by persons providing services for them. I should be aware of what my students can request to see when I hold information on them. There are also three other pieces that I would consider in my role The Further Education and Training act 2007, for its requirements on the LSC and on further education institutions to have regard to guidance in relation to consultation with learners, potential learners and employers. And the codes of practice issued by; NIACE regarding Safer Practice and Safer Learning; these help the student to focus on their rights and responsibilities when participating in the lifelong learning sector. They address issues such as harm, abuse and personal safety when taking part in any kind of learning, outlining things that could be wrong, and giving students contact details if they feel that they need to report any wrong doing, without needing access to the teacher. Also the Institute for Learning Code of Practice for Teachers 2008 Code of Professional Practice, which seeks to protect learners and the public interest and will apply to all members of the Institute for Learning . The codes purpose is to promote, value and develop the professionalism of all learning and skills practitioners. The Code outlines the behaviours expected of members – for the benefit of learners, employers, the profession and the wider community. The code lists seven behaviours for members to uphold; Professional Integrity, Respect, Reasonable Care, Professional Practice, Criminal Offence Disclosure, Responsibility during Institute Investigations, Responsibility to the Institute. These will all have an affect on what happens both in and out of my classroom and must be at the forefront of every lesson and lesson plan for a teacher. They will be used in tutor/student contracting and in appeals and complaints policies, and so it is important that I keep up to date with these legislations and codes of practice and part of my responsibility is to make sure that they are being adhered to and that I know what procedure to follow if this is not the case.

Evidence-based Practice in Wound Cleansing

Evidence-based Practice in Wound Cleansing Introduction This essay defines the concept of evidence-based practice and discusses the importance of evidence-based practice for professional practice. The essay also selects an aspect of practice that is relevant to adult nursing, namely the use of water vs. saline for wound cleansing, provides a rationale for choosing that aspect within the context of evidence based practice, and, drawing on practice experience and examples of approbate evidence, discusses the extent to which the aspect of professional practice is informed by different types of evidence. In addition, the essay, with reference to the selected aspect of professional practice, discusses the factors that can hinder, or hinder the implementation of, evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice is usually taken to mean using â€Å"the current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients† (see Sackett et al., 1996), with a more recent definition being, â€Å"Evidence-based practice requires that decisions about health care are based on best available, current, valid and relevant evidence. These decisions should be made by those receiving care, informed by the tacit and explicit knowledge of those providing care, within the context of available resources† (see Dawes et al., 2005). The importance of evidence-based practice for professional practice In terms of the importance of evidence-based practice for professional nursing practice, offering evidence-based assessments and treatments has become widespread across the nursing profession due to the need for the NHS to be seen to be accountable to their patients as part of the NHS Plan (see Griepp, 1992). In essence, in the context of the NHS Plan and the consequences of this for professional practice, the aim of evidence-based nursing practice is to treat the patient in the best possible way, as dictated by the most up-to-date evidence available, in a timely manner, in order to ensure the highest possible quality of care for that individual patient (Cluett and Bluff, 2000). Within the framework of the NHS, the NHS Plan has meant many changes to nursing practice, including improvements in the delivery of service but mainly placing emphasis on the prompt delivery of evidence-based care and the pro-active involvement of the patient in their own care. As part of this change, which is a sea-change in the way in which the NHS has traditionally viewed care, nursing staff need to commit themselves to lifelong learning and professional development, within an evidence-based practice framework. This evidence-based framework dictates that nursing staff must use the current best evidence when making decisions about patient care, in order to conform to the dictates of their particular guidelines for professional practice. This is especially pertinent considering the need to empower patients through involvement in patient care, under the dictates of the NHS Plan: as Playle and Keeley (1998) argue, patients are no longer passive receivers of care as the NHS now needs to be seen to be accountable to their patients. Offering evidence-based assessments and treatments fulfills the requirements to be accountable to patients through the use of up-to-date research to inform treatment practices, for example (see also Griepp, 1992). Rationale for choosing the use of water vs. saline in wound cleansing This section of the essay discusses an aspect of practice that is relevant to adult nursing, namely the use of water vs. saline for wound cleansing, and provides a rationale for choosing that aspect within the context of evidence-based practice. This aspect practice has been chosen as it is commonly found in nursing practice: many individuals present with wounds at all nursing levels, including AE, community nursing and intensive care, amongst others. The issue thus has widespread importance in nursing practice across many different areas of practice. An analysis of the extent to which the use of water vs. saline for wound cleansing is informed by different types of evidence This section of the essay will now draw on my practice experience, and, using examples of appropriate evidence, will discuss the extent to which the use of water vs. saline for wound cleansing is informed by different types of evidence. Cunliffe and Fawcett (2002) found that nurses are presented with a variety of wound cleansing options, from the products that can be used to cleanse wounds to the dressings that can be used. The work found that this makes it difficult for nurses to make decisions about patient treatment, which means that nursing staff, instead of looking to the literature for advice, turn to the RCN guidelines, which is not an ideal basis for evidence-based practice (Cunliffe and Fawcett, 2002). Betts (2003) found that wound cleansing with water does not differ from wound cleansing with other substances, in terms of wound infection and wound healing (similarly to Gannon, 2007; Hall, 2007 and Griffiths et al., 2001). Fernandez and Griffiths (2008) conducted a systematic review of the literature on the use of water for wound cleansing and found that, whilst saline is usually favoured for wound cleansing, tap water is also a viable alternative, as it does not increase infection and there is some evidence that using tap water actually reduces the risk of infection, even in acute wounds. Their conclusion was that boiled tap water can be used as a wound cleansing agent (Fernandez and Griffiths, 2008), a conclusion also reached by Moscati et al. (2007), O’Neill (2002), Valente et al. (2003), Whaley (2004) and Riyat and Quinton (1997). Thus, the evidence from the research conducted on this subject suggests, overwhelmingly, that tap water is a viable alternative to saline for wound cleansing. The RCN guidelines for wound cleansing still, however, state that saline should be used for wound cleansing. The next section will look at this discrepancy in detail. The factors that facilitate or hinder the implementation of evidence-based practice in wound cleansing This section makes reference to the selected aspect of professional practice in order to discuss the factors that facilitate or hinder the implementation of evidence-based practice. There are many structures designed to support evidence-based nursing practice, including research and development that translates in to best practice guidelines. However, whilst it is clear that nursing staff, under the dictates of the NHS Plan, need to work within an evidence-based care framework, there are no guidelines as to how research is best incorporated in to their practice, in terms of what research should be used or what questions should be asked of that research, and so nursing staff often end up following guidelines that are produced for them, by the NHS. These guidelines are based on current research, and so do provide evidence-based care for patients, in some sense, but following guidelines does not involve nursing staff being directly involved in evidence-based care. As one of the main principles of evidence-based practice is that decisions about care should be based on the best currently available evidence from research, this situation is not ideal. Under a true evidence-based practice framework, nursing staff should be regularly undertaking literature searches themselves, to ensure that they themselves keep up to date with the research, and that they are aware of any new recommendations for nursing practice that are suggested by this research. They should then be implementing these new recommendations. This, however, provides difficulties, in that nurses are bound, by their professional training, to provide the usual standards of care, with the possible implication that, should a nurse try a new treatment method on a patient, following their research on a subject, as part of the evidence-based framework, and this treatment is not successful, the nurse would have let the patient down, under the guidelines provided for their professional practice. This, thus, provides a dilemma for nursing staff, who are bound to work under an evidence-based framework, but who are – in practice reliant on the timely provision of updates to treatment guidelines, which are based on an evidence-based framework but which have not been researched individually by the nursing staff. For example, as has been seen, there are many research publications that show how water can be beneficial in cleansing wounds, but the current recommended practice from the RCN guidelines is that â€Å"irrigation of the wound with saline is usually sufficient† with the provided rationale for this being that, â€Å"cleansing traumatic wounds with saline was associated with a lower rate of clinical infection when compared to tap water (Angeras et al., 1992)†, the RCN guidelines do concede that no clinical trials have been performed comparing tap water and saline water in wound cleansing and, as such, that there is no real evidence-base for these recommendations. Nursing staff working within an evidence-based framework could read the literature supporting water as an effective wound cleanser, and could base their treatment on this literature, which, whilst being within the scope of evidence-based practice, as recommended by the NHS Plan, would go against what they are recommended to do by their professional body. In the example discussed in this essay, therefore, the evidence as provided by the research has not yet been translated in to an up-to-date set of guidelines for nursing staff to follow. It seems, therefore, that patients are not being treated according to the best possible set of treatments according to the research, but, as the RCN guidelines state, there has, as yet, been no clinical trial of wound cleansing with water vs. saline, and so, even if the research suggests tap water is an effective, if not more effective wound cleanser than saline, until a clinical trial has been undertaken testing this, the recommendations for treatme nt will not change. In this case, however, a clinical trial is extremely difficult to imagine, due to the temporary and highly individual nature of wounds, which makes it impossible to provide clinical trial conditions to test water vs. saline as wound cleansing agents. As such, even though the literature suggests that tap water is an effective, if not more effective, wound cleanser than saline, saline will still continue to be used, as this has been used historically, and because no clinical trial has been set up proving the effectiveness of tap water, meaning that tap water cannot be recommended as a wound cleanser, in that it is not recommended in the RCN guidelines for nursing staff. Nursing staff are, however, under the evidence-based practice framework, able to apply, monitor and record wound cleansing using tap water. This approach allows nursing staff to approach the process of evidence-based practice in a series of steps (as recommended by Cluett and Bluff, 2000), within the guidelines provided by the RCN. The first step is defining the research question, based on evidence gained from treating patients in practice, which, in this case would be, â€Å"What is the best way to cleanse a patients wound, using tap water or saline?†. The next step would be to search for and to read all the relevant literature, and then to decide, on the basis of that literature, what the best treatment options are for the patient. This would, as has been seen, overwhelmingly suggest that tap water is the best treatment option, but the RCN guidelines would suggest that saline is the best treatment option. The nurse would thus be obliged to use saline but could apply, monitor and record wound cleansing using tap water, as part of the evidence-based framework they are encouraged to follow. Evaluation of the care provided and the processes through which the care was decided upon and administered would constitute the third and final step of the evidence-based framework (as given by Cluett and Bluff, 2000), which would gather all the relevant information and then would evaluate the results of this treatment in terms of finding a better solution for wound cleansing. This step-by-step approach to evidence-based practice allows for gradual improvements in the delivery of patient care through a process of gathering evidence of best practice. As has been seen, however, often nursing staff are not encouraged to follow this pathway as they are obliged to be bound by the guidelines for treatment provided by their professional body, the RCN, which, in this case, recommends a treatment option that seems outdated, according to the current research. Conclusion As shown by the appraisal of evidence for the use of tap water vs. saline as a wound cleanser, evidence-based practice in a nurses working life can be hindered by their professional guidelines, which, in this case, have not been updated based on the findings of current research. Whilst evidence-based practice facilitates best treatment practice for patients (as dictated by the NHS Plan) through the step-by-step approach outlined by Cluett and Bluff (2000), in this case, this facilitation is not enabled through the failure of the RCN to update their guidelines. Angeras M.H. et al. (1992). Comparison between sterile saline and tap water for the cleaning of acute traumatic soft tissue wounds. European Journal of Surgery, 158; 6-7: 347-50. Betts, J. (2003). Review: wound cleansing with water does not differ from no cleansing or cleansing with other solutions for rates of wound infection or healing. Evidence Based Nursing 6, pp.81. Cluett, E. and Bluff, R. (eds.), 2000. Principles and Practice of research in midwifery. Bailliere Tindall. Cormack, D., 2000. The research process in nursing. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Cunliffe, P.J. and Fawcett, T.N. (2002). Wound cleansing: the evidence for the techniques and solutions used. Professional Nursing 18, pp.95-99. Dawes, M. et al., 2005. Sicily statement on evidence-based practice. BMC Medical Education 5, pp.1-2. Fernandez, R. and Griffiths, R. (2008). Water for wound cleansing. Cochrane Systematic Syst Rev 23, pp. CD003861. Gannon, R. (2007). Wound cleansing: sterile water or saline? Nursing Times 103, pp.44-46. Goldenberg, M.A., 2006. On evidence and evidence-based medicine: a commentary on common criticisms. CMAJ 163(7), pp.837-841. Griepp, m.E, 1992. Undermedication for pain: an ethical model. Advances in Nursing Science 15. pp.44-53. Griffiths, R.D. et al. (2001). Is tap water a safe alternative to normal saline for wound irrigation in the community setting? Journal of Wound care 10, pp.407-411. Guyatt, G. et al., 2004. Evidence-based medicine has come a long way. BMJ 329, pp.990-991. Hall, S. (2007). A review of the effect of tap water vs. normal saline on infection rates in acute traumatic wounds. Journal of Wound Care 16, pp.38-41. Hinchiff, S. et al. (2003). Nursing practice and health care. Hodder Arnold. LoBiondon-Wood, G. Haber, J. (2006) Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. St. Louis. Mosby. Moscati, R.M. et al. (2007). A multicenter comparison of tap water vs. saline for wound irrigation. Acad Emerg Med 14, pp.404-409. NLH (2006). What is the evidence-based method of wound cleansing either with tap water or normal saline? Available from http://www.clinicalanswers.nhs.uk/index.cfm?question=2518 [Accessed 20th March 2008]. O’Neill, D. (2002). Can tap water be used to irrigate wounds in AE? Nursing Times 98, pp.56-59. Patel, S. and Beldon, P. (2003). Examining the literature on using tap water in wound cleansing. Nursing Times 99, pp.22-24. Riyat, M.S. and Quinton, D.N. (1997). Tap water as a wound cleansing agent in AE. J Accid Emerg Med 14, pp.165-166. Sachine-Kardase A, et al. (1992). Study of clean versus aseptic technique of tracheotomy care based on the level of pulmonary infection. Noseleutike 31(141), pp.201-11. Sackett et al., 1996. Evidence-based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ, 312, pp.71-2. Salami, A.A. et al. (2006). A comparison of the effect of chlorohexidine, tap water and normal saline on healing wounds. Int J Morph 24, pp.673-676. Valente, J.H. et al. (2003). Wound irrigation in children: saline solution or tap water? Ann Emerg Med 41, pp.609-616. Watret L., Armitage M.A. (2002). Making Sense of Wound Cleansing. Journal of Community Nursing, 16(4), pp.27, 29-32, 34. Whaley, S. (2004). Tap water or normal saline for cleansing traumatic wounds? Br J Comm Nurs 9, pp.471-478.

Richard the Third as a Hero or a Villain :: Papers Richard III

A hero is a man who is distinguished by exceptional courage, nobility and strength to carry out tasks that are involving great risks. A hero can also be a person who fights for other people to help or save them from their fears. He opposes the villain- a person who does wicked or evil intentionally to harm others in some way, emotionally or physically. A character that is placed to do badly. He is always opposing the hero to overthrow the hero’s qualities to gain power from the other side to help him or his side. Villain: Richard is seen as a villain in some aspects because he kills anyone who stands in his way. Richard talks about a pretext for his villainy by pointing out his physical deformity. â€Å"Why, I in this weak piping time of peace. Have no delight to pass away the time unless to spy my shadow in the sun and descant on mine own deformity. And therefore since I cannot prove a lover to entertain these fair well-spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain and hate the idle pleasures of these days.† He says that since he was not made to be a lover, he has no use for peace, and will willingly destroy peace with his crimes. This contributes to a very villainous role. Richard begins his movement for the throne. He manipulates Lady Anne, into marrying him, even though she knows that he murdered her first husband. He has his own older brother, Clarence, executed, and shifts the burden of guilt onto his sick older brother King Edward. He is eager to get the throne and he kills an enormous amount of people to get there: King Edward. Court noblemen, Lord Hastings, kinsmen of Edward, Queen Elizabeth, the two young princes and Queen Anne. These people were killed because he needed to get the throne for his greed. Only a villain would commit these crimes for his greed. Richard is disloyal by betrayal of close family, friends and relatives.

Gender Differences of Communication :: Communicating Talking Speaking Relationships

Gender Differences of Communication How do men and women communicate clearly when most of their ways of communicating are so different? In today's society language plays a key role in defining gender by phraseology, vocabulary, and also their nonverbal vocabulary. Each one of these different types of ways of communicating is prominently different between men and women.Webster's defines phraseology as "a choice and pattern of words." Many studies have been done on the differences between men and women's phraseology. It has been noted in many different studies that men tend to talk much more than women do. This was proven true in a study that Lynette Hirshman did in 1974 (Glass 33). It has also been proven that women tend to speak faster than men; this is due to the fact that women tend to be interrupted more often than men are, and also have the ability to speak more clearly, precisely, and more quickly than men can. In one study it was found that women spoke for an average of three minutes describing a painting, as opposed to the thirteen-minute average it took men to describe it. (Glass 33) Women tend to be more detailed when describing events, persons, places or things. Linguist Robin Lakoff states in her book, Language and Woman's Place, women use greater description when describing colors. (Glass 31) Women notice more detail than men causing women to be more perceptive; they notice things such as tone of voice, facial expression, and body language. Being able to pick up on those three types of communicating helps women better understand what is actually being said in a conversation. Men and women's styles of communicating are close to being directly opposites of one another. Men tend to be louder more aggressive speakers; they mumble many of their words and tend to be sloppy in their pronunciation of words. Men tend to use loudness when emphasizing words instead of inflection and pitch to emphasize points. According to Webster's, inflection is "a change in the tone of the voice," or "the change of form in a word to indicate number, case, tense, etc." (Glass 51) Women tend to use pitch and inflection more so than men do. Men have a tendency to speak in a lower tone and rarely change from that tone to any others. Women on the other hand speak in five different tones, which makes them sound more emotional.

Rome :: essays research papers

Chapter 7 Section Reviews SECTION 1 1. republic-form of government in which voters elect their leaders consul-chief executives who run the government and are also army commanders veto-refusal to approve and act or bill checks and balances-a principle to prevent any one part of government from becoming too powerful praetor-military commander and judge censor-determined how much tax people should pay tribune-could veto Senate bills and act as public officials dictator-had absolute power and served a 6 month term 2. Romulus-Founder of Rome, son of Mars Pontifex Maximus-The high priest, elected for life by a special assembly of 17 tribes 3. Tiber River-Connects Rome to the Mediterranean Rome-In the Center of what is presently Italy Rubicon River-Connects the Tiber to the Adriatic Sea 4. The Etruscans developed a written language from Greek characters. They were able to better their language system. 5. Rome was located in the Center of everything. It was an amazing location. They had access to all the neighboring countries. Although Rome would have been very subject to a navel attack if ships were built like today’s ships. 6. I would rather live under a democracy no matter how much we voted over. I like the feeling that we have say in everything that happens with my country. In the Roman government you didn’t have much say. Some people didn’t even have any say in the government at all. SECTION 2 1. indemnity-money for damages latifundia-leasing land to anyone who could afford it equites-businesspeople of Rome crucifixion-the accused was tied to a cross and left to die a slow agonizing death from suffocation 2. publican-contracted with censors to agree to collect the taxes and pay a fixed amout to the Roman treasury Spartacus-was crucified along with 6,000 of his followers 3. Carthage-on the Mediterranean Southwest of Sicily Sicily-an island South of Rome but North of Africa Zama-Southwest of Carthage, home of a battle 4. a)They were fighting over land and the control of all trade. Rome feared the Carthaginian navy would close the Adriatic Sea and the narrow Strait of Messina. b)Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome 5. a)It was forced to expend to meet the needs of the new territories. Proconsuls were appointed by the Senate and backed by a Roman army to lead the provinces. b)The farmer would served in the Punic War came back to a farm in ruins. Many of the farmers moved to the cities. The role of a citizen-farmer was no longer needed. SECTION 3 1. Marius-a military hero who signed citizens to his legions whether they had land or not and ended up falling to Sulla Sulla-defeated Marius and ruled as military dictator until 79B.

Explain how Mary Shelley makes us feel contrasting emotions towards the creature in “Frankenstein”

In this essay I will be talking about the historical background of writer Mary Shelley and about her novel â€Å"Frankenstein†. Mary Shelley was born on the 30th of August 1797. Mary Shelley's father was called William Godwin who was a Godwin and a philosopher. After Mary Shelley was born, Mary Shelley's mother Mary Wollstonecraft who was a feminist writer at the time died 4 weeks after Mary Shelley's birth. When Mary Shelley grew up she ran off with a poet called â€Å"Percy Bysshe Shelley† who was already married. Mary Shelley was very well educated. Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley had a baby girl in February in 1815 who unfortunately died almost a month later. The Shelley's went on holiday in about 1816. Mary Shelley had a dream that was used as the basis of â€Å"Frankenstein†. It was very wet so a ghost writing competition was organised to pass time, it was then that Mary Shelley had written her novel â€Å"Frankenstein† Mary Shelley's ideas were inspired by developments in science and medicine which made people wonder if life could be created. People were religious and thought God was in charge of life and death, so any person tempering with his powers was likely to be horribly punished. Mary Shelley had a further series of tragedies in life. These tragedies include the death of Mary Shelley's in 1816 due to committing suicide; including the death of Mary Shelley's own two children; one who died in 1818 and one in 1819. When Mary Shelley was 22 years of age which was in the year 1822 the death of her husband had also occurred. In 1818 Mary Shelley's book was published namelessly, and later on in about 1830 it was published with her name on it. The reason for this is because when it was published previously in the years secretly, it was always believed that women should not work and are not as useful as men are and should remain as housewives looking after their children. Another reason for this was that it was believed that women are not capable of writing novels. Later on when years had passed Mary Shelley had died in 1851. In the novel Frankenstein the creature is first mentioned in the letter IV to Robert Walton. The letter had written in it: â€Å"a being which had the shape of a man, but apparently of gigantic stature†. The novel is set in the mist and ice, this is a gothic novel and causes a sense of mystery about the creature, and creates an atmosphere. This is so we create an image inside our minds of the creature and the mysterious atmosphere which leads an expectation. Mary Shelley uses words like â€Å"dreary, dismallye. eg â€Å"the rain pattered dismally against the panes†, dull and dim†. Mary Shelley used a lot of pathetic fallacy in this novel. In chapter 5 Shelley tells us that there is little light at a certain pint in the novel. This is because she wrote â€Å"my candle was nearly burnt out†¦ Here Shelley builds up the atmosphere by writing â€Å"so dark that anything could happen†. The size of Frankenstein's creature reminds us of Walton's letter â€Å"to make the being of gigantic stature, that is to say, about eight feet in height and proportionally large†. The creature is linked with corpses, graveyards, maggots and dead bodies. This description makes the reader feel disgusted and sick and would not want the creature anywhere near them and would most likely feel revolted and sickened which would make them feel furious and think the creature is just morally wrong. Mary Shelley and her audience knew about body snatchers. In chapter 5 Mary Shelley sets a gothic scene by creating an atmosphere (at the beginning of chapter 5). Mary Shelley makes it all spooky and then starts to describe the character and then goes back to the weather. Shelley uses the word â€Å"detain† to show that Victor is scared that the creature will stop him from leaving. This makes us feel that it is threatening and is dangerous when she calls it a â€Å"demonical corpse†. She implies that it's from the devil and makes the reader scared of the creature. Victor's reaction is violent and gothic. To add to the tension and fear the beast is by his bedside so he runs outside to escape it. Shelley uses words like â€Å"miserable monster† and â€Å"demoniacal corpse†. I think that Shelley uses such word because I think that it is true the creature is very much like a miserable monster as the creature is very lonely and does not know who he is and has no one who likes him and all the creature wants is sympathy. I think that this is why Shelley uses words like â€Å"miserable† and also uses words like monster because the creature is just like a beast and acts like a monster does and is like a monster is usually described. Shelly also uses word like â€Å"demoniacal† possibly because the creature is shown to be evil and up for revenge for why he was created. â€Å"demoniacal† means that someone is evil or is possessed by an evil spirit. The reason why Mary Shelley could have used corpse after â€Å"demoniacal† is because the creature is made of different corpses and dead bodies. Victor is ill for weeks, and then when things look happy, Victor receives a letter from his partner. The letter contains: â€Å"About 5 in the morning I discovered my lonely boy whom the night before I had seen blooming and active in health, stretched on the grass livid and motionless the print of the murderous finger was on the neck†-letter from Geneva. Mary Shelley uses pathetic fallacy again in the novel when victor goes to the place where William was murdered†¦ e. g. â€Å"the darkness and storm increased every minute and thunder burst with a terrific crash over my head†; he sees the creature â€Å"a flash of lightening†¦ † . Victor reacted with shock thinking he had made the killer kill William. E. g. He was the murderer! I could not doubt it†. In the chapter of sympathy (chapter 11), we hear the creatures side of the story, â€Å"am I not alone, miserably alone? † this makes us feel extremely sorry for the creature and makes us think that it was not the creatures fault and was not the creatures decision to come into the world and have life so we cannot really blame the creature fully for what is going on. The creature was taken from villages to villages just because people were horrified of him as children shrieked and women had also fainted over seeing him. â€Å"Some attacked me until, grievously bruised by shoes†¦ I escaped†¦ â€Å". The creature was homeless and had nowhere to live; he had no roof under his head and desperately needed a roof over his head. The creature was so desperate for a roof above his head that yet a hut was joy to him no less than paradise. â€Å"Exquisite and divine a retreat†¦ † The beast really wanted somewhere to belong. The creature takes shelter in an animal shed at a farm and is very kind to them. When the creature sees them he feels very happy to see what a family is like and also feels upset and unwanted knowing he is not wanted by anyone and is hated by the people. They were a mixture of pain and pleasure, such as I had never before experienced†¦ â€Å". In chapter 15 there is a blind man and the creature helps him and is extremely kind to the blind man, the creature takes advantage of this that he cannot see the ugliness of him and likes the love he gets from the old man and feels like he is cared by someone for the first time. Just like i mentioned previously I really feel sorry for his creation, this is because the creature is not at fault for his creation. The creature must feel very miserably like he says because he also has a heart like humans and feels unwanted, rejected lonely. I do not blame the creature for wanting a female just like him, so he could have someone to love and someone to love and care for him even after seeing how he appears. When the creature is rejected from the old man's family the creature sets off to find his creator who he believes to be his father. â€Å"My father, my creator†¦ â€Å". At the time the creature was rejected by the family the creature feels sour inside himself we know this because â€Å"the spirit of revenge enkindled in my heart†. There is a point in the novel when Frankenstein's creature saves a girl from drowning. When the creature tries to breathe life into the girl, the creature is shot by a man. â€Å"I vowed eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind†. The creature meets William, when William see's the creature William is scared of him and tells him that his name is Frankenstein. At this point William is killed by the creature. â€Å"I gazed on my victim and my heart swelled with exultation and tallish triumph†¦ † When Shelley used the word(s) â€Å"gazed on my victim† she makes it sound like William has done a huge crime and he is at fault for what Frankenstein has done by creating the creature. The creature asks Frankenstein for a female creature, like himself, someone to love him and someone that he can love and spent the the rest of his life with. â€Å"If I cannot inspire love I will cause fear, and chiefly towards you my arch enemy†¦ â€Å". Here the creature say's to Frankenstein that if he cannot find his love then he will become his enemy and take away his love. â€Å"I demand a creature of another sex but is hideous as myself†¦ we shall be monsters, cut off from the world†¦ let me see that excite thing†¦ At this point I believe that the creature is asking for something that he thinks is reasonable. I think that the creature has a right to ask this because the creature did not choose to come on to this world and it is not fair for him to be lonely with no one to be with. The creature makes a deal with Frankenstein saying that he will leave him and everyone alone and go far away from them only if Frankenstein creates a female creature. The probl em with this is that if a female creature is to be created it could also become like Frankenstein and they both may want to take revenge from Frankenstein. Another problem would be that the creatures would have children and this would lead to something very serious. After the creature say's all these things Victor feels sickened with what the creature is saying. â€Å"The filthy mass that moved and talked†¦ â€Å". Victor agrees to create a female creature for the male creature. When victor is in the process of creating the female creature he changes his mind, when he changes his mind he rips the body into pieces. When Victor does this act the creature see's everything and is furious and vows to take revenge. â€Å"I shall be with you on your wedding night†. The creature mean that if he cannot get someone to love and spend the rest of his life with neither will Victor. When the creature gets to Elizabeth (Victors wife) and kills her, Shelley uses a storm again to create a scary atmosphere and a horrific atmosphere. â€Å"She was there lifeless and inanimate, throw a cross the bed†. Victor dies and Walton finds the monster by his body. The creature say's he regrets the killings but was provoked to do such doings. â€Å"I pitied Frankenstein†¦ the important envy and bitter indignation as filled me with an insatiable thirst for vengeance†. At this point i feel sorry for the creature only because he has no one left, otherwise I do not really feel sorry for the creature here because due to him Elizabeth had died and she had nothing to do with anything. Elizabeth was not at fault and was very unfair for the creature to kill her in such a brutal and insane way. So I think that the creature would just have to live with and put up with what he has done, and could have a tried a different way of trying to persuade Frankenstein of creating a female creature for him rather than threatening to kill his wife on his wedding night, which I think sounded very sick and extremely unfair.

Analysising Television Advertisements: Music Products

I have found six advertisements for music, such as compilations and greatest hits albums; they were all obtained between the times of 6pm and 8pm on Channel Four. The majority of this time was taken up by the broadcasting of a live concert of a ‘chart topping' solo artist. The first advertisement is for the band True Steppers' album True Stepping. Their record company is Virgin, so the advertisement began with a large Virgin symbol surrounded with a white border: this border remained unchanged throughout the advertisement and is the same with all Virgin music advertisements. This means one can identify and associate all advertisements like it with the Virgin record label. The music then began to play: it was the band's number one hit and instantly grabbed the attention of anyone who knew the song. The band itself is not widely known, but they have made a number of songs featuring more famous artists than themselves. A list of these artists was then read out to associate these big names with this smaller product. This was to make people buy the record not only for the main band but also, for the featured artists. The music continues to play and the tracks on the album are listed. The narrator then states ‘It's so good you might just want to share it with everyone else'. An attractive young lady is then shown, wearing very revealing clothes, standing outside a building with the album playing, extremely loud. There are also many respectable onlookers, (men in suits, pensioners and mothers with young children) are watching with looks of horror on their faces. This essentially uses sex to sell the product however it also uses the image of being ‘cool'. Loud music and the appearance of standing up against the respectable majority bring about this image and encourage the target audience want to buy the product just to be cool and be in the ‘in crowd': where a lot of teenagers would like to be. Finally the narrator says the Virgin slogan ‘Whatever turns you on' and a picture of the box comes up with a large price beneath it. The price is stated and is made to stand out because it is a reasonably low price and is an important factor along with the high quality of the product, tending to make people more likely to part with their money. The second advertisement is for a compilation of various artists, of the dance and trace genres. The advertisement starts on a typical, boring, dull coloured, city bus. The camera the zooms in on the back row, where a girl is reading the Holy Bible. However the camera only just gives the viewer time to take all this information in, before it continues it's zoom into her golden eyes. In the pupil of here eye is a nun standing in front of a stained glass window, the music then begins and the nun's vestments fall to the ground to reveal a stereotypical ‘clubber'. It is then that the viewer realises that it is not in fact a stained glass window but a set of disco lights and is a club not a church or nunnery. A number of tracks are played and the appropriate artists are listed, the music stops and the camera zooms back to show the girl looking shocked as though she has just found something out, or been converted The camera then zooms out to the front of the bus. The screen blurs and a picture of the box appears. No price is mentioned nor is there any other information on the product. Then for the first time is the name of the product mentioned, The Clubbers' Bible, and a slogan appears ‘The Clubbers' Bible: worship your weekends'. The advertisement starts off dull so that the contrast between the bright club and the grey bus is as large as possible. The bus is meant to show how boring your life is and how colourful your life could be if you brought this product: it is appealing to our aspirational desires. The girl is reading the Bible for the simple reason of the products name. The nun in front of the stained glass window draws the viewer further into the religious implications the product makes but then it is all change to the music side of the product. The advertisement again uses an attractive young woman as a suggestive lever to bend the viewer towards buying the product. The club featured in the advertisement reveals more information on the true nature of the product and makes people associate the perfection and holiness of the Bible with the product, clubs and the people within. This perfection is attempting to sell the product in the real and very imperfect world. The design on the front of the box is the same as that on the Bible again connecting the Bible and this product. A price is not mentioned at the end, probably because the product is rather more expensive than it should be so less people would be willing to part with their hard earned cash. The whole advert carries a mainly religious theme to imply perfection and superiority so it appears above any rivals in the mind of the viewer. The third advertisement is for another compilation called R&B2. The music began at once with a recent hit by one of the featured bands. This action was to entice the viewer into concentrating on the advert to see if any other major artists are mentioned, which they are. The compilation is a double CD and in the advertisement there are only six artists mentioned: these are the most widely known in the compilation. The most renowned artists are the only ones mentioned because this would make people want to buy the whole record for individual or a view of the featured artists, not for the fact that there are many artists. The advertisement has no slogan but a price is mentioned and is also made very prominent. In this case the price is mentioned because it is very low and is therefore a good selling angle of the product and would help it to sell. The advertisers would have paid for this prime time (mentioned above) in order to catch their target audience, whom I believe to be mainly teenagers, because they have the largest effect on record sales. If they are not buying the record themselves then they are having it bought for them as a gift. It is my belief that teenagers are the target audience because the majority of the crowd at the concert were teenagers: therefore I come to the conclusion that this percentage will also be the equivalent for home viewers, the majority would be in their teens. Here are the reasons that I believe that the adverts are aimed at people in their teens: firstly all of the people featured in the above advertisement, who were not artists, appear to be in their early twenties or teens, so teenagers can imagine themselves in the place of those in the advertisement. Secondly, a lot of bright and appealing colours are used throughout, which I find attractive, and I therefore conclude that other teenagers would like this and it would help the adverts to lodge themselves in the mind of the viewer. Finally, sex appeal is used in two of the above advertisements, but only very mildly, and as a teenager one becomes aware, for the first time, of the use of sex in advertising in the real world.?

Marina Bay Sand

Marina Bay Sands (MBS) is one of only two integrate resorts (IRs) in Singapore, locating in Marina Bay waterfront in the heart of the city. It developed by Las Vegas Sands (LVS) Corporation has opened officially in 2010. MBS does not only delude tourists by the fascinating design, but it also attracts visitors by a rich variety of services such as 2,560-room lodging property, amenities of spa, fitness centre, bar, theme park with infinite swimming pool, the state-of-art casino, convention, shopping mall, theaters, cinema and extraordinary lotus-shaped museum.Writing this report, the author aims to investigate MBS regarding the application of guest activity programming model. Overall, the model is very significant to MBS in delivery of service excellence to its guests. 2. The application of guest activity programming model to MBS It is not useless to spend time to explore the term of guest activity programs before applying the theory for MBS. According to Mill (2008), guest activity i s also called as recreation which is â€Å"an activity that takes place during one’s free time, is enjoyable, freely chosen, and benefits the individual emotionally, socially, physically, cognitively, and spiritually†.In other words, recreation means chosen activities that guests can receive benefits from it, including having fun together. And in order to satisfy guests, popularly the guest activity director who plays an active role in ensuring guests to get benefits will plan guest activity programs. The guest activity programming model (refers to Appendix) consists of 5 stages. First of all, it assesses guest needs. Perhaps it is influenced by 4 external factors such as history, environment, culture, and organization. These factors will contribute partly to generate guest needs.In particular, historical influences refer to the tradition and philosophy of the resort. Typically, the IR is a resort offering a rich variety of leisure and entertainment activities and casi no facilities. Thus, if developing a guest activity programming for MBS, it is possible to concern with these elements. On the other hand, environmental influences can be understood as the time of the year, weather, and nature. In Marina Bay, it inherits beautiful Singapore River which is ideal for sports on the river.Namely, MBS has collaborated with Singapore River Cruise in order to open a tour route across convenient locations surroundings the river such as Clarke Quay, Boat Quay, Merlion Park to the IR. Guests can enjoy the beauty of the river before arrivals of the IR. Cultural influences comprise of ethnicity, age, and religion of the guests. Singapore possesses multi-ethnic culture which is the most popular destination in Asia for Westerners and Easterners. Although Singaporean is mainly Chinese, Malay and Indian, most people are well-educated and comfortable with English.This cultural factor is the supporting to MBS’s business. Meanwhile, social influences are fads, trends, and news. In this respect, it can mention about the tendency of international guests in Singapore towards gambling and shopping interests. Finally, organizational influences are defined as values and mission of the company. An example of MBS, the chairman of LVS – Adelson claimed that the IR will aim to be â€Å"a catalyst for the economic future of Singapore and a launch pad for its tourism industry†.Usually LVS Corporation builds its properties in the purpose of developing the local economy, and MBS in Singapore is not an exception. Thus, in the first stage of needs assessment, the guest activity director should expect guest’s needs that reflect 4 external factors. In order to deploy the most effective needs assessment, the process must be conducted by interviewing existing and potential guests regarding their interests or learning national statistics to explore current trends in recreation.In the next stage, the guest activity director should develop objectives. After identifying what important to guests, the director will set objectives for the guest activity programming to enable guests to be satisfied. In particular, MBS will deliver outstanding services of 5-star hotel with the cutting-edge facilities. It means the IR seeks a level of over expectation to its guests. Furthermore, it is the stage of deploying cluster or activity analysis in order to meet identified objectives in the guest activity programming.According to Mill (2008), the scholar broke down each activity following by criteria: behavioral domains, skill level, interaction patterns, leadership, equipment, duration, facilities, participants, and age appropriateness. For instance, during Christmas and New Year Holidays, MBS might plan to have seasonal sales or decoration the property with sparkling style. And this involves the cluster of duration which occurs during the holiday. In addition, the external factor of environment – i. e. the time of the year, a lso generates the recreation.Beside seasonal arrangement, sometimes activity can schedule weekly or monthly in a period of the day. For instance, the Sands Fruit Festival has recently opened on July and August for 1 day. Moreover, other events require lighting, audio and visual aids such as The Social Pavilion for one’s own virtual photo shoot, exhibitions, movies and so on. All events are classified as the cluster of equipment criteria. From this stage, it can see that the use of guests, staff, resources and facilities in the model will be assisting tools together to deliver the guest experience in the next stage.The activity experience seems to be a process how much guests enjoy and have fun in recreation. Taking the example of Sands Fruit Festival, the holder promises that the festival will deliver a wide selection of premium fruits to visitors such as lychees, longans, rambutants, and mangosteens. It means the IR hopes the guests can experience high quality and fresh frui ts. Or in the lodging sector, MBS desires the guests to stay wonderful rooms. Guests can relax with spacious bathroom with freestanding bathtub and walk-in shower.In addition, they can invite friends into their rooms for conversations with coffee and tea made by in-room mini bar. Guests can watch 42-inch LCD with cable TV or movies on demand. Otherwise, business guests can take advantage of high-speed internet access for their needs. In the last stage, it is activity evaluation – an indispensable step in every process. Usually, the guest activity director might work with other department in the resort to publish customer feedback questions in order to get guest’s opinions regarding what they experience in the resort.This aims to determine whether or not objectives can be met. Otherwise, it will investigate how much objectives are met or which level of experience guests reach from unsatisfactory to delight. If there is any failure, this step will indicate clearly, as a result the resort will eliminate or make adjustment in the next guest activity programming model in order to offer better recreation. 3. Conclusion In conclusion, the guest activity programming model is very helpful tool for resorts in developing recreation and ensuring guests to be satisfied during their stays in resorts.The model consists of core 5 steps such as needs assessment, identification of objectives, activity analysis, activity experience and evaluation. The guest activity director should follow these steps to create the most efficient recreation to guests. Importantly, recreation will be built by the influences of 4 external factors such as environment, history, organization, social, and culture. Besides that, guest, staff, equipment/resources and facilities are useful tools in assisting the director to create successful recreation.

Community Development Practical Approach

GROUP PRESENTATION ESSAY As part of ‘Community Development in Practice, we went on a field trip to two community organisations, Tallaght Community Arts and St. Kevin’s Family Resource Centre. The purpose of which was to look at how each project practices the principles of community development as described by the Ad Hoc Committee (2008). We had to work as a group of 3 students which included Samantha Hogan, Anthony Kelly and Elaine Vince-O’Hara, to put together a group presentation on the project of our choice.We chose St. Kevin’s Family Recourse Centre as it is a grassroots community development organisation which we believe every community needs. St. Kevin’s Family Resource Centre St. Kevin’s Family Resource Centre is a community organisation and is based in a local primary school in Kilnamanagh, Tallaght, and whose remit covers the areas of Kilnamanagh, Tymon North and Kingswood. Established in 1994, they were one of only three ‘pilot ’ Family Resource Centres (FRC) funded through the Family Support Agency.The centre is managed by a voluntary board of management of which 70% are people from the local community and run by Grainne Begley, the Co-ordinator, Cynthia Moore, the Administrator and a large group of 25 volunteers for additional support. St. Kevin’s have a number of training rooms, counselling/ holistic therapy rooms, a youth cafe and a community childcare centre. They have an open door policy, where community members are at all times welcome to drop in and see what's happening in their community.They have five key areas of work; Community Education, Supporting Community and Voluntary Groups, Counselling ;amp; Holistic therapy, Childcare and Youth Work. St. Kevin’s Mission Statement: ‘St. Kevin’s Family Resource Centre is a community organisation whose mission is to bring about change through the process of empowerment and support at family, individual and community level. ’ St Kevin’s describe themselves as: ‘a thriving and integral part of the community development structures in the area†¦. social inclusion organisation†¦ concerned about the people in the community who†¦. are not participating in society to their fullest potential’ (St. Kevin’s FRC Work Plan 2010-2012). They work out of the values and principles of community development as described by the Ad Hoc Committee (2008) as they strive towards social justice, equality and anti-discrimination through participation, empowerment and collective action to support individuals, families and their wider communities and this is evident throughout their work.They practice the principle of participation by aiming to meet the needs of the local community, enabling them to gain the skills necessary for full participation: They do this through a community consultation process for their work plans and the provision of; community education programmes, a cou nselling service to help overcome many issues including oppression, holistic therapies to promote individual well being and community childcare which provides people with the opportunity to participate and become empowered.St. Kevin’s practice the principles of empowerment as they: acknowledge value and build on people’s lives and existing experiences which is the basis of the community education which they provide. They work with people to; build an understanding of their reality and identify ways to overcome them and build confidence and self-esteem through the provision of their counselling service and holistic therapies offered. St.Kevin’s practice the principles of collective action as they collaborate and build alliances with other groups, organisations and agencies in order to advance key community objectives, they do this through their support of diverse user groups and networking with various agencies including; South Dublin Community Platform (SDCP), A ctive Citizenship Together (ACT), South Dublin County Council (SDCC), the County Development Board (CDB) This ‘process empowers the community to develop new skills and be more pro-active in their own learning’. Impacts include empowerment of groups, sustaining their development and development of partnership relationships between the Centre and new groups’. ‘There is a large increase in community activity’. Motherway, B (2006) St. Kevin’s practice the principles of social justice by building strategic alliances and encouraging active participation to create awareness of the work of the family resource centre, in order to bring about social change. They work with the community in developing appropriate responses to identified needs through consultation with the community and they provide pportunities to access community education for the purpose of achieving personal and community development. They build the capacity of the management committee and continue to build a strong community development organisation to ensure that resources are utilised to their maximum effect ‘provide a safe, inclusive, happy childcare facility where children can grow and develop in confidence, thus supporting the family’ (St. Kevin’s Family Resource Centre Work Plan 2010-2012) St.Kevin’s practice Equality ;amp; Anti Discrimination in acknowledging the diverse nature of their local community, where 20% are lone parents, 25% having no formal education, 10% have a disability, 8% are from an ethnic minority family and there is a high rate of unemployment. They promote difference and diversity, evidenced by their active role in developing a strategy to promote the integration of travellers and ethnic minorities, which was put forward to the County Development Board for consideration.They also promote understanding and analysis of equality issues, and strategies to address them within communities through their community ed ucation programmes. Challenges Some of the current challenges faced by St. Kevin’s include: adapting to the impact of the recession including: trying to meet the needs of unemployed people accessing the service who are looking to up skill and or retrain, having to reduce the number of community education programmes due to cuts and people not engaging due to the social and economic difficulties which are hindering their ability to participate.Successes As well as challenges they have had many successes, primarily the development and progression of a hugely successful and affordable community childcare centre, which started over twenty years ago as a two parent, parent and toddler group and grew through true grassroots community development ‘by the people, for the people’. To this day a weekly parent and toddler group are still going strong with up to 40 families taking part. Cynthia Moore, another success first became involved in St. Kevin’s FRC as a partic ipant.She went on to complete a community employment scheme in the centre after which she secured part-time paid employment as the administrator. She continued to participate on many community education courses and through empowerment she eventually gained the confidence to undertake a Leadership ;amp; Community Development degree course which she successfully completed in 2011. Cynthia continues in her role of Administrator and she also volunteers as a ‘Rainbows’ facilitator, a peer mentoring programme aimed at supporting young people suffering varying degrees of bereavement and loss.Cynthia has come full circle and is a great example of what community development and community education are about and of the outcomes it has the potential to achieve. Other successes include; many previous centre users coming back to help out in a voluntary capacity, their ability to provide support to and facilitate many diverse groups, continued provision of community education, which empowers members of the community to take charge of their lives and participate in their community and their ability to network with various agencies and take lead roles in devising strategies.Conclusion Over the last 18 years the centre has grown and adapted to the ever changing needs of the community and is now a thriving and integral part of the community development structures in the area. As we see it, by continuing to work out of the principles and practices of community development as described by the Ad Hoc Committee, St.Kevin’s Family Resource Centre will continue to achieve effective community development, overcome challenges faced and continue to have many more successes in the future. Bibliography: Ad Hoc Committee (2008) Towards Standards for Quality Community Work, Dublin Motherway, Brian (2006) the Role of Community Development in Tackling Poverty in Ireland, Dublin, Combat Poverty Agency St. Kevin’s Family Resource Centre, Work Plan 2010-2012 Samantha H ogan Anthony Kelly Elaine Vince O’Hara 10th October 2012