Opportunities for Raising Productivity in Non-Profit Organisations Essay

Opportunities for Raising Productivity in Non-Profit Organisations - Essay Example Opportunities for productivity improvement in these four spheres have been explained with emphasis on the most viable option that can add substantial value to the organization. Performance management has gained momentum in recent years, probably due to factors such as competition, changing markets and needs of clients. Performance measurement can provide a sense of purpose, motivation and intrinsic satisfaction. Efforts concentrate on the process-oriented level, identification of appropriate performance indicators, managing relationships, raising funds for the organization and so on. Vast improvement in performance management has been experienced with performance reporting and performance measurement methods being introduced. For instance, the Balanced Score Card system in private and non-profit sectors has popularised performance management system in many aspects (Niven, P.R 2003; p.4). Management systems in a non-profit organization include planning, developing, and operating. Members of the Board and staff conduct strategic planning to determine the overall purpose and direction of the organization. This part of the strategic planning will also include the methods to be adopted for the organization to operate, resource planning, and program planning. Programs have to be designed as means to implement the service-oriented strategies such as marketing to identify community needs for the organization to meet and the desired outcomes to meet those needs. This planning provides input to resource planning such as a number of resources required including staff, funds, and people. Resource planning also includes financial management, advertising and promotions, and fundraising (McNamara, C 2005; p.160). I

Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes Essay Example for Free

Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes Essay You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Neighbour Principle: You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Reasonable Person Test individual action or failure to act as a reasonably prudent person would under similar circumstances, resulting in harm to another Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) Papatonakis v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1985) That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak Other Tests: for a causal link to exist these elements must be satisfied: iii. Negligence was a necessary condition for the occurrence of the harm iv. That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace.

James Fenimore Cooper :: essays papers

James Fenimore Cooper Many great people have told history. Stories of how we progressed from the small colonies to the country we are today have been passed down to every generation. We were given the idea of our triumphs, struggles, tragedies and adventures of history through story telling, and no- one tells of the adventure of history like James Fenimore Cooper and Nathaniel Hawthorne. They wrote with such a passion of history entwined with adventure that it swept you away into their world. After all, that is what makes a "classic" timeless, the passing down of history. Let us start with James Fenimore Cooper. James Cooper was born in 1789, and in 1790 his family moved to Cooperstown. The rest of his brothers had died and Cooper was the head of the household; he took on the responsibility of caring for his family. In 1803 he entered Yale and was expelled in 1805 for a prank. After serving on the Veruvius for three and a half years, he left the navy and married Susan Delancey. They had five daughter s and two sons. In 1826, he added the Fenimore to his name. But it was by accident that James Fenimore Cooper became a writer. He took a dare from his wife to write a better book than the English one he had been reading to her. Precaution was published in 1820. Though I completely understand why it won't be on anyone's nightstand, it does show us some importance to understanding Cooper's writings. We know that he critically observed the manners and morals of Europe during a seven-year tour of England and then upon his return to America, he remained a defender of American principles, but also a caustic critic of American Practice. The central idea of "Precaution" (1820) was parents taking more time to ensure the proper marriage of their daughters. Here, I believe he reveals an early interest in social themes and moral principles. The lack of the principle is what ultimately leads Jane to get her feelings hurt when the man she loves runs off with a new, young heiress. Though the characters are like lifeless cardboard, Precaution's theme dimly foreshadows what is to come next. If a reader was to read only Cooper's early fiction and perhaps a volume of his social criticism, they are likely to go away with the feeling of Cooper having several mistaken notions.

Mkc1 Study Guid

MKC1 Study Plan Analyzing the Environment-Ch. 2 1. What different levels of planning can organizations utilize? Organizations can utilize the following levels of planning; corporate level, business level, and functional level. 2. Give an example of and explain how a corporation that wants to help protect the environment can do so at its corporate, business, and functional levels. An example of a corporation wanting to help protect the environment while utilizing the following levels; corporate, business, and functional level would be the following.Pepsi Co has embraced this procedure in the past. The business level consists of identifying the business units. Pepsi Beverages which contain Pepsi Soft Drinks, Aquafina Waters, Tropicana Juices, and Gatorade Products. Pepsi Co American Foods which contain Frito Lay and Quaker Oat Products. Pepsi Co International which contains Pepsi Co. ’s business in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia. To support Pepsi Co. ’s overall strat egy all three business units must develop strategic plans to profitably produce offerings while demonstrating that they are committed to society and the environment.The functional level consists of employees being responsible for different products or product categories such as beverages and foods. They may focus on developing healthier products and make their packages more environmentally friendly. For example, Aquafina is now using bottles which contain less plastic and have smaller labels. This reduces waste and helps the environment. The corporate level consists of decision making regarding whether a company will be an innovator or a follower. Innovators use first mover strategy and followers use second mover strategy. Their decision will be based on what is best for the company and the environment. . What factors in the external environment are affecting the â€Å"Big Three† U. S. automobile manufacturers? The three factors that played a role in the catastrophe of the â €Å"Big Three† were inflation, unemployment, and recession. 4. What are some examples of Wal-Mart’s strengths? One of the main examples of Wal-Mart’s strengths is buying power. Firms that do business with Wal-Mart must be prepared to make concessions to them if they want their products on the company’s store shelves. Another example is that Wal-Mart has the capability of offering very similar products for a much lower rate. 5. Suppose you work for a major hotel chain.Using Porter’s five forces model, explain what you need to consider with regard to each force. The hotel chain business needs to consider the following regarding Porter’s five forces model; hotels, bed and breakfasts, dorms, and rental homes. Competition is a key factor to success or failure. 6. Why is competition important to maintain in an industry? Competition insures that the consumer gets the best product at the best rate. 7. Which factors are parts of the economic environm ent? Factors of the economic environment are as follows; employment, unemployment, inflation, recession, interest rates, and cost of living. 8.Which economic factors affect consumer buying power? The factors that affect consumer buying power are as follows; prices, wages, employment, currency considerations, and availability of credit. 9. What are some examples of social-culture influences on marketing decisions? A few examples of social-culture influence on marketing decisions are family, social roles/status, and geographies. 10. What is environmental scanning? Environmental scanning is careful monitoring of organizations internal and external environments for detecting early signs of opportunities and threats that may influence its current and future plans. 1. What is the difference between direct and indirect competition? Direct competition in a marketing situation is two or more firms trying to sell the same good, or service. Indirect competition are those firms that offer an al ternative or similar good, or service that will give the same satisfaction, but at a less expense to the buyer. 12. How do government and non-profit organizations contribute to the technological environment? Government and nonprofit organizations contribute to the technological environment by going green. The usage of special equipment and or procedures allows for a more managed environment.The high security levels that many of these facilities have also help with this process. 13. What is an example of a new technology making an older technology obsolete? An example of a new technology making and older technology obsolete are computers versus type writers. 14. How does the internet impact each element of Porter’s Five Forces Model? The internet is a key player in competition which is what is discussed in the Porter’s Five Forces Model. Competitors can use the internet for a multitude of things such as research, new marketing strategies, booking and payments online, an d or internet usage as an amenity.These are just a few ideas; the list goes on and on. Product Strategy-Ch. 6 1. What is the difference between marketing a good and service? Marketing a good is essentially trying to sell a tangible item. A service is the sale of an intangible item such as a massage, something that gives pleasure or is beneficial, but is not tangible. 2. What is the difference between a product line and the product mix? A product line is a group of offerings that serve similar needs and are sold under the same name such as Campbell’s Soup.Campbell’s Condensed Soup has a red label and Campbell’s Chunky Soup is ready to eat and labeled differently. They are expected to have differences even though they are both made my Campbell’s. A product mix is the entire assortment of products that a firm offers. For example the IPod Shuffle which offers the following product mix; the device itself, the technology platform (the MP3 Format or storage syst em used by the shuffle), the product line to which the product belongs (Apple IPod line of MP3 music players) and the product category to which the offerings belong (MP3 players as opposed to IPhones for example). . How can companies differentiate their product from competing products? Companies can differentiate their product from competing products by using the product classification system. This will allow them to see exactly where their product is at regarding the competition and from there are able to work our any issues or make changes to enhance their products and surpass the competition. 4. What is product cannibalization? Product cannibalization is when a new product takes sales away from the same company’s existing product. 5.Name and explain four categories in the consumer product classification system? Convenience Offerings-low priced frequently purchased products and services that require little shopping effort. An example of a convenience offering is bread. Shop ping Offering- is an offering that is purchased on impulse, without prior planning. An example of a shopping offering could be a particular brand of tooth paste. Specialty Offering-is an offering for which the consumer will make an effort to compare various firms’ offerings and select a brand.An example of specialty offering is the Orange County Chopper. Unsought Offerings-is an offering that consumers do not typically shop for until it is needed. An example of an unsought offering is a funeral service or towing service. 6. What characteristics are associated with each of these categories convenience products, shopping products, and specialty products? Convenience Products are often times those products that the consumer will shop for a particular brand, but if the store is out of that brand they will purchase whatever brand is available.Bread is a great example, if the grocer does not have the brand of potato bread that I am looking for I will more often than not purchase wh at is available. Shopping Products are those products that we as consumers feel like we cannot do without and if the store is out of this product we will chose to go elsewhere until we find it. Tooth paste is a great example, I purchase a particular type of crest tooth paste and if our local grocer does not carry it I will go to another location to purchase that one item if necessary.Specialty products are highly differentiated offerings and the brands under which they are marked are very different across companies too. Specialty items are usually only available through limited channels. Orange County Choppers is a wonderful example because the availability is limited and people will go to great lengths to purchase their products even if the cost is higher. 7. What is total quality management? Total quality management is a management approach to long term success through customer satisfaction.All members of an organization participate in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in which they work. 8. How do companies use total quality management as part of product strategy? Companies use TQM as part of product strategy by implementing the following; customer focused programs, total employee involvement, process centered, integrated system, strategic and systematic approach, continual improvement, fact based decision making, and communications. Product Strategy-Ch. 7 1. What is the difference between each of the four stages of the product life cycle?Idea Generation-the basic idea is created and described. Idea Screening-the costs, profits, and potential sales of the offering are calculated at different price levels. The company also considers how well the offering fits in with its competitive strategy. Feature Specifications-detailed specifications for the product are developed. Its features and pricing are established. Development-the actual offering is designed. Testing-the offering is tested, first in the lab and then with real customers. Lau nch (commercialization)-the offering is made available to customers.Evaluation-the offering is evaluated as to whether it is delivering the appropriate value to consumers, as well as meeting the firm’s business goals. 2. What are examples of products in each of the product life cycle stages? Idea Generation-Apple and HP, both were created in someone’s garage. Idea Screening-Clear Pepsi and New Coke, despite the marketing strategies used with these products the sales were not there. Feature Specification-HP Printer line, each model is created around a specification. Development-Apple, uses the same technology platform in the IPod. It is cost effective and efficient.Testing-Kraft might launch a new food product that has to work in hot climates, cold climates, high humidity, dry climates, and high altitudes; all conditions that can change how well the product works. 3. Name and explain the four primary ways to extend the product life cycle? Provide examples of each. The I ntroduction Stage-is the first stage of the product life cycle after a product is launched. It is essentially the same as commercialization. This stage varies between products and must also comply with the United States law of being able to use the â€Å"new† labeling for only six months.The market must be right for this stage and the consumers must be equally available for it to be a success. An example is the IBM Think Pad, it was a huge success at launch and IBM could not keep up with the demand. The Growth Stage-is the stage of the life cycle in which sales increase and more competitors enter the market. In this stage the product is accepted by the marketplace. This stage is characterized by increasing sales, more competitors, and high profits. Unfortunately this stage attracts more and more competitors, for example when Diet Coke was introduced Diet Pepsi soon followed.Something to keep in mind here as well is that supply and demand needs to be balanced. The same scenari o as IBM’s Think Pads occurred when the Nintendo Wii was launched. The Maturity Stage-is the stage of the product life cycle at which sales begin to level off and competitors have saturated the market. After many competitors enter the market place and the number of potential new customers’ declines, the sales of the product tend to level off. This indicates the entrance of the maturity stage; most customers are repeat customers rather than new customers.For example Quaker Oatmeal, this product was introduced over a hundred years ago and is still in the maturity stage. 4. Describe each strategy of the Ansoff Matrix: market penetration, market development, product development and product diversification. Market Penetration-the firm seeks to achieve growth with existing products in their current market segments, aiming to increase its market share. Market Development-the firm seeks growth by targeting its existing products to new market segments. Product Development-the f irms develop new products targeted to its existing market segment.Product Diversification-the firm grows by diversifying into new businesses by developing new products for a new market. 5. When would it be appropriate for a firm to employ each of the strategies? It would be appropriate for a firm to employ each of the strategies when looking for growth. The Ansoff Matrix in a marketing sense is centered on growth and development. Consumer Behavior-Ch. 10 & 3 1. What is secondary research? Secondary research involves collecting data from either the originator or a distributor of primary research.In essence, researching data already collected. This is also known as secondary data which is defined as being data already collected by your firm or another organization for purposes other than the marketing research project at hand. 2. Where can secondary data resources be found? Secondary data resources can be found in the company’s internal records or one can purchase syndicated re search which is primary data that marketing research firms collect on a regular basis and sell to other companies. 3.What is primary research? Primary research or primary data is data collected using hands on tools, such as interviews or surveys to answer a question for a specific research project. 4. Describe and give examples of the three primary research methods: observations, surveys, and controlled experiments. Observations-are the method of data collection in which the situation of interest is watched and the relevant facts, actions and behaviors are recorded. An example could be during a soft drink study, Pepsi Challenge perhaps.Several soft drinks could be made available to a controlled group of people and the observer could notate any comments made as well as what soft drink was the most liked and vice versa. The soft drinks can be labeled or they can be kept unmarked depending upon the study. Surveys-are detailed studies of a market or geographical area to gather data on a ttitudes, impressions, opinions, satisfaction level, etc. , by polling a section of the population. For example voters are quiet often polled or given surveys during the election season. The results are used to determine the running mark between candidates.Controlled Experiment-is an experiment in which an observer tests a hypothesis by looking for changes brought on by alterations to a variable. In this type of experiment, an independent variable is the only factor that is allowed be adjusted, with the dependent variable as the factor that the independent variable will affect. An example would be seeing if placing an aspirin in the soil of plant will produce a brighter colored plant. You would need to plant to identical seeds one with an aspirin and one without. Treat both the same in every way and record the results. 5.What are cultural influences that affect consumer buying behavior? How do they affect it? Culture is simply the set of values, attitudes, and ideals shared by a gro up of people whether they are family, friends, or strangers. It can often have a role in consumer buying behavior. For example, Muslim women may be more interested in traditional modest clothing dictated by their religion whereas other religious groups have different guidelines for clothing. Family roles are especially important when it comes to consumer buying behavior. Purchases are often made by more than one member of the family.For example, furniture is typically made by both husband and wife, diapers are usually purchased by the mother, and barbeque pits are usually purchased by the father. Marketers often target the group of consumers based upon their family roles. 6. What are social influences that affect consumer buying behavior? How do they affect it? A reference group, which is any group that an individual belongs to, such as a sorority can have a big role in how he/she behaves as a consumer. They will tend to follow what the other members are doing. If the majority of th e members purchase red gloves for the formal then odds are so will the consumer.Social class is a type of rank based on multiple factors like income, education, occupation, race, and or ethnic group. These factors can also have a high impact on the consumer buying behaviors. For example, those with a lower social class may decide against certain purchases such as a hot tub. Social roles can go either way; it can be classified as both cultural and social. Social roles also influence how one acts and what they buy. For example, a man may be a father, a husband and a car salesman. Each role he takes on will influence him in a different manner.As a father he may be interested in a less expensive but still high quality car seat, as a husband he may want to purchase a birthday gift for his wife, and as a car salesman he may be looking for a comfortable yet classy pair of work shoes. 7. What are personal influences that affect the consumer buying behaviors? How do they affect it? Age and l ife style change can affect consumer buying behavior because of developing maturity and experience. This can go for many situations from purchasing clothing to vehicles and homes. Occupation and income is another key factor.Today’s society is highly concerned with status and material prosperity. The professional status of someone is again a factor in their purchasing decisions. Lawyers tend to have higher incomes than say a teacher. More often than not one can see the difference between the two simply from the way they live. That would lead into lifestyle, which it would be fair to say would have in impact on one’s buying decisions as well. 8. What are the steps (in order) of the consumer decision making process? The steps (in order) of the consumer decision making process are as follows: Need Recognition Search for Product InformationProduct Evaluation Product Choice and Purchase Post Purchase Use and Evaluation of Product Disposal of the Product 9. What is the differ ence between: routinized response behavior, limited problem solving and extended problem solving? Routinized Response Behavior-is a buying situation in which the buyer has had considerable pas experience. Limited Problem Solving-is a purchasing situation usually involving some degrees of conscious information searching and analysis, as it involves moderately high priced goods which are not purchased too frequently. Extended Problem Solving-is an elaborate decision making process.The consumer tries to collect as much information as possible and weighs their options before the purchase. 10. What is the difference between high involvement and low involvement purchase decisions? High involvement purchases are higher priced items such as luxury products, consumers will usually research to eliminate any risk before making the purchase. There is high involvement on the consumer’s part. Low involvement purchases are usually small purchases such as tooth paste or toilet paper. Consume rs usually do not research much before making this type of decision. There is low involvement on the consumer’s part.

Reduce the Cost of Marker Making

RESEARCH REPORT HOW TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKER MAKING AND DECREASE THE WASTAGE OF FABRIC? TEXTILE INSTITUTE OF PAKISTAN Shakaib Iftikhar (AMM-3) Tariq Zaib(AMM-3) Arsalan Javed(AMM-3) Faiza Noor (AMM-3) TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT4 INTRODUCTION5 OBJECTIVES6 SCOPE OF THE THIS RESEARCH6 LITERATURE REVIEW7 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY10 RESULTS11 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS14 CONCLUSION16 APPENDIXES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have made the completion of this Lecture Notes possible: Our Research Teacher, Ma’am Rakshanda Shah,for her vital encouragement, support and teaching. Ma’am Nazia, our Institute Apparel Lab Assistant, for providing markers and patterns. Mr Gamini, Head of Apparel Department for the constant reminders and much needed motivation. Mr Pardeep from Eastern Garments for providing us the lab settings and inspiration he xtended. All the workers and staff of Eastern Garments who helped us in experimentations. Mr Lalith, Mr Salman and Mr Arsalan for assisting in the collection of the topics for the chapters. And Most especially to my family and friends. ABSTRACT Marker is a part of a paper on which the patterns of  all parts of the garments are drawn so that garments can be made by using minimum quantity of fabric. Reducing the quantity means that maker is being made efficient so that fabric wastage can be reduced as m uch as possible.There are two methods of marker making, the first one is manually in which a specialized marker maker makes the makers and try to utilize all the fabric so that another piece of fabric is not required. The other method is computerized method called Gerber Technology. In it the markers are made in computers and the efficiency is set by computer to decrease the fabric wastage. Saving the fabric is crucial because is decrease the average cost so that profit maximization can occur. After conducting experiments the best method for increasing the marker efficiency is Gerber (computerized).It makes the most efficient markers which decreases the wastage of fabric. This saves the cost and benefits the garment manufactures as they can make several pieces (patterns) out of less fabric. INTRODUCTION In recent years the number of markers required by apparel manufacturers has escalated disproportionately to growth. Orders are getting smaller, the number of different styles is incr easing, and lead times are getting shorter  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ all of which put more pressure on the marker making department. So it is no surprise that new automated marker making tools are being launched onto the market.Niki Tait takes a look. The improved fabric utilisation associated with computerised marker making has helped this technology virtually take over from traditional manual methods over the last 25 to 30 years. With fabric accounting for around 50 per cent of the ex-factory cost of a garment (more than 70 per cent in low cost labour countries), the 5 per cent saving associated with automated systems is key. In reality these marker making tools are ‘computer assisted' rather than ‘computerised,' with the skill of piece placement still relying on the experience of the marker maker.The computer plays a passive role, controlling the nesting constraints such as tilting, rotation and buffering while the operator makes all the decisions. An experienced marker maker will remember combinations which have worked before, he can see what part might fit into which slot, and he knows what he can tilt slightly off gain to fit. In the last few years, however, CAD companies and research organisations throughout the world have been working to develop systems to produce markers fully automatically.It's an extremely complex process given all the possible combinations of pattern part placements within a lay, and one that only becomes worthwhile if the material utilisation matches that produced by a skilled marker maker using conventional computer systems. It is only now becoming a viable option as the costs of high speed processing power and memory come down and software developments catch up. But for manufacturers the timing is a happy one as the number of markers – and cost of making them – has escalated disproportionately to growth.Orders are getting smaller, the number of different styles is increasing, and lead times are getting shorter â€⠀œ all of which put more pressure on the marker making department. With automatic marker making a series of parameters can be set. These include: produce the best possible solution in 30 minutes; try different combinations until a minimum of 91 per cent fabric utilisation is achieved; find the best combination within 500 tries etc. The system can be left to work through a batch of instructions unattended both day and night, so time constraints become less of an issue.With most automated systems, however, there is also the ability to combine human intervention within the automated process. Most CAD companies agree this provides for the best solution, particularly where the marker is going to be used for many repeats, on deep, long lays or where expensive fabrics are going to be cut. OBJECTIVES This research has several objectives which are beneficiary for number of reasons. The first objective of this research is to increase the production per hour by increasing the efficiency. Effic iency is directly related to production because if the marker is efficient, it can be easily layed out on he large bundles of fabric. Another objective is to increase the efficiency of the garment, when the marker made is good, the efficiency will increase and overall quality of the garment will be improved. It will also decrease the waste produced by the cutting department since with marker making technology, fabric will be properly utilized. One more major objective is to meet the international quality standards like for example ISO and etc. The objective goal of 83% percent efficiency which is the best in industries currently has to be met.This efficiency had to be tested on manual and computerized in order to find which gives the more efficiency and saves the fabric. SCOPE OF THE THIS RESEARCH One of the benefits of finding the efficiency was that the apparel industries require less labour to produce the garmants. The turnaround time of maker making is faster if done all at one time and pricewise, it will cost less money to manufacture a garment in apparel industries just by paying a flat rate for the whole process versus paying regular prize for each individual job.The markers can be fully customized to fit any costumer’s designing needs and are offered to apparel companies, Professional business people, Artists, People with new design inventions, young designers trying to launch for the first time a collection and people in  general who want to create a small clothing line to sell their designs on an online website store. Turn around time for most jobs done through marker making is faster than making each individual pattern made separately.An efficient marker coordinates and organizes all the work flow to be done for the costumer and spends a great deal of time explaining each little detail of the design process to its design team who will be in charge and responsible for the completion of a given project. Pricewise, making a garment through 83 percent efficient computerized marker will cost a lot less money versus paying five to ten thousand rupees for the making each single pattern by hand. This amount of money is often spend by manufacturing companies who have the obligation of aying all the salaries of their design team which can add up to thousands of rupees every week not forgetting the fact that paying regular prize for each individual pattern will always be more expensive than paying a flat rate for all the work to be done. In addition an efficient maker has many advantages, one of them is the ability to create many pattern and lay them on several fabrics in one location. This requires less space and the company can save its lot of space. Turnaround time for all pattern to be made are faster if done all at one time. LITERATURE REVIEWFor industrial garments preparation, marker making is a very important chapter for highest usage of fabric and for lowest wastage of fabric. This is a process which is performed to draw the pattern pieces on the fabric before cutting. This may be done by drawing the pattern pieces on the fabric directly or by drawing the pattern pieces on a thin marker paper and then placement the paper onto the fabric lay. So, we can define the marker as bellow. Marker is a thin paper which contains all necessary pattern pieces for all sizes for a particular style of garments in such a way that, fabric wastage would be least.The representation or drawing of the arrangement of identified garment pattern relevant to the cutting of a batch material. The marker is placed on the material and provides guideline for cutting. Marker may be on fabric or held in computer data files. Marker width is equal to the minimum fabric width and its length depends on the no of pattern sizes that will be drawn. Preparations of Marker Making Before the marker making, some preparatory processes would be followed. The processes are discussed ago (In preparatory processes chapter).Without those, some oth ers preparations are * Marking Grain Line : Before marker making, the grain line of pattern and fabric must be marked. * Fabric Measurement : Before marker planning, the fabric must be measured carefully. Because, marker width is relevant to the minimum fabric width. * Fabric Faults : Fabric faults would be also under consideration. In a fabric roll, where any faults found, that points must be avoided for quality production and to least the fabric wastage. * Cutting Table : Marker planner should consider the cutting table length before making marker.Marker length must be less than the cutting table length. Constraints of Marker Making During marker making, the work of the marker planner is subjected to a number of constraints. These relate to i. The nature of the fabric and the desired result in the finished garment. ii. The requirements of quality in cutting. iii. The requirements of production planning. The nature of the fabric and the desired result in the finished garment * Patt ern alignment in relation to the grain of the fabric, pattern pieces normally carry a grain line.When pattern pieces are laid down the piece of cloth, the grain line should lie parallel to the line of the warp in a woven fabric or the wales in a knitted fabric. Where pattern pieces are laid across the piece, the grain line should lie parallel to the weft or course direction. If the marker planner lays down a pattern outside the stated rules for grain lines, then the finished garment will not hang and drape correctly when worn. This requirement to follow the grain lines restricts the freedom of the marker planner in choosing how to lay the patterns in the marker. * Symmetry or AsymmetryMany fabrics can be turned round (through 180. ) and retain the same appearance are called symmetrical. They require no special attention during marker making. Asymmetrical fabrics are those which are turned (through 180. ) and do not retain the same appearance. Examples of such fabrics are pile which is brushed in one direction and which show different reflection of light. The marker should be planned in such a way that it is in accordance with symmetry, asymmetry of the fabric. All pattern pieces of a garment should be along the same direction when laid down on a symmetrical fabric. * Design characteristics of the finished garmentsIf a vertical stripe does not show a complete mirror image repeat, the right and left sides of a garment may be mirror images of each other. In this case, a pattern should be placed on checks in such a way that the design matches when sewing up. During marker planning, a marker maker must have to think about matching the checks and stripes in a garment. His freedom is restricted here. So I think it?  ¦s a constraints for a marker maker. The Requirements of Quality in Cutting * For majority of cutting situations where a knife blade is used, the placements of the pattern pieces in the marker must give freedom of knife movement.A blade, which has width , cannot turn a perfect right angle in the middle of pattern piece and space must always be allowed for a knife to turn such corners. The amount of space depends on the actual cutting method employed. * Pattern count check that the complete menu of pattern has been included. * Correct labeling of cut garments parts is essential to identify correctly the garment parts for whole garment sizes. It is the responsibility of the marker planner to code every pattern pieces with its sizes as the marker is planned. The Requirements of Production PlanningWhen an order placed for a quantity of garments, normally specifies a quantity of each size and colour. If the sewing room requires the cut work urgently, the marker may make two markers. 1. Short marker and 2. Long marker. * For long marker, it can be made according to the size proportion and different sizes. This process is very much efficient and takes more time and increased shade variation. * For short marker and for the particular order two marker can be made, this process is less efficient but takes less time and more production and small cutting table. For complex garments long markers generally offer more opportunities for savings than do short ones. * The more sizes that included in a marker, the greater are the scope for fabric savings. Greater fabric savings and after lower total cost would normally result, from cutting a stepped lay with paper markers on top. However, though for greater efficiency, a marker maker needs opportunity to work with freedom, but for maintaining proper quality some criteria must be followed. That is why there are some constraints of marker making. Methods of Marker Making There are two methods of marker making. i. Manual method. ii. Computerized method.Here marker is produced in two ways. 1. Marker drawn directly on fabric lay. 2. Marker drawn on marker paper. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY In order to find out which method gives near 83 % efficiency, the data collected was analyzed by the means of statistical mathematics. 5 samples had to be selected from each; 1. Manual Marker Making 2. Computerized Marker Making The computerized Marker making will be further tested using 7 different computerized machines for making markers. In total there were 5 samples from manual and 35 samples from Computerized Marker Making which means that there were total 40 samples of markers. 75 yards of fabric was used to lay markers on them. Each technique and machine was given 175 yards of fabric and the total fabric utilized was 7000 yards. The experiment was done 200 times in order to get 5 samples from each technique and method. In order to find out the efficiency, there is a formula which calculates it. The formula is Area of the patterns X 100 Area of the marker Out of 200 samples 40 samples were selected through simple random selection. 5 samples were selected from manual marker and 35 samples were selected from computerized marker making.After sampling the results were put in the table and the mean of efficiency was calculated for the left out samples in order to find out how much efficiency at max could be given. RESULTS The 5 selected samples from each method and technique were taken out and their efficiency was calculated. After getting their efficiency they were put in the table to find out the mean efficiency produced by them. MANUAL MARKER MAKING Sample 1 | Sample 2| Sample 3| Sample 4| Sample 5| 76. 56% | 78. 34%| 67. 66%| 61. 2%| 67. 3%| Mean efficiency of manual marker making= 70. 2 % Efficiency from manual marker making can be of maximum 70. % but the required efficiency is 83% which makes the saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING LECTRA Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3| Sample 4 | Sample 5 | 81| 80| 79. 9| 79. 7| 81. 3| Mean efficiency from Lectra = 80. 38% Efficiency from Lectra marker making can be of maximum 80. 38 % but the required efficiency is 83% which makes the saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING NESTER Sample 1| Sample 2 | Sample 3 | Sample 4| Sample 5| 78. 9 | 77. 7| 81. 2| 81. 3| 80. 18| Mean efficiency from Nester = 79. 85% Efficiency from Nester marker making can be of maximum 79. 5 % but the required efficiency is 83% which makes the saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING GERBER Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sample 5| 85| 86| 82. 3| 83. 3| 83| Mean efficiency from Gerber = 83. 92% Efficiency from Gerber marker making can be of maximum 83. 92 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most and it means that Gerber met the required efficiency percentage. Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sample 5| 82| 82. 2| 81. 37| 82. 67| 82. 73| COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING AUTOMATIC NESTER Mean efficiency from Automatic Nester = 82. 1%Efficiency from Automatic Nester marker making can be of maximum 82. 1 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING ASSYST BULLER Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sam ple 5| 81| 79. 8| 81. 8| 81| 80| Mean efficiency from Assyst Bullmer= 80. 72% Efficiency from Assyst Bullmer marker making can be of maximum 80. 72 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most. Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sample 5| 82. 33| 82. 23| 81. 36| 82. 90| 82. 88| COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING TUKATECH Mean efficiency from Tukatech = 82. 34%Efficiency from Tukatech marker making can be of maximum 82. 34 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS Lectra Because material savings are a fundamental factor for every apparel firm, Lectra has spent the last 25 years developing solutions that apply state-of-the-art technology for material optimisation. Diamino V4 is its latest computer assisted version which, when combined with Expert V4, provides an automatic marker-making tool that can handle all kinds of fabrics and generate entire markers or complete partially operator-processed markers.Lectra says it s â€Å"intelligent software† takes into account the specific requirements of different garments, fabrics and pattern pieces. Gerber Technology Maximizing fabric utilisation is not the only consideration of marker making: the time it takes is increasingly important too. Gerber Technology has modified its AccuMark and Micromark software to allow parts to be rotated according to specified laying and style rules. The grain line deviation can also be defined. For the actual automation of the marker production its software has been integrated with Nester Server. NesterNester is available in two versions: NesterServer as an upgrade to CAD systems from Gerber, Assyst, Asahi, Toray, PAD and VetiGraph; and the Nester complete nesting system. This software tool automatically generates cost-effective markers for production, costing and engineering. It also combines automatic and semi-automatic options. The company claims Nester's return on investment is realised in under six months. Fab ric savings with automatic nesting Nester Inc offers this real-life example of a sportswear manufacturer cutting $30 million of fabric annually. Four production markers were given to Nester to process automatically.On average, Nester generated layouts that were superior to CAD-based manual results by 1. 05 per cent. The average length used in the four markers was 714. 21 cm with Nester and 721. 85 cm with traditional CAD-based manual nesting. On average, NESTER outperformed a CAD operator by 7. 64 cm, or 1. 05 per cent. If this saving were extended over the entire marker population in this factory, 1. 05 per cent fabric savings would equate to $315,000 per annum. Pad Systems Although Pad Systems' software integrates with Nester, it also has its own automatic marker making system.Within this, individual pattern pieces are directly related to the base pattern piece, so any changes to the pattern are automatically reflected in the marker. This feature is important in a fast changing fa shion industry where patterns may be modified several times throughout the development of a style. New markers are based on a similar, though previously manually made, marker of a comparable style and material. Thus Pad's automatic marker combines the original manual skill of the marker maker with the processing speed of the computer.This combination, the company explains, results in similar fabric utilisation but the new marker is achieved in a fraction of the time. Assyst Bullmer Assyst Bullmer no longer supplies automatic marker making software to its customers, explaining that automarker. com uses the most up-to-date software, is maintenance-free, and is available 24/7. On their own CAD systems customers define the width of marker, the sizes to plan and constraints such as whether rotation or twisting off grain is allowed. This is then sent to the website and the results download by the factory or sub contractor.Users include manufacturers in Eastern Europe where the comparable cost of manual lay planning on a CAD system would be low. Tukatech Tukatech's automatic marker making facility is called Nest ++ and is of particular use in helping cater for overload or rush orders, for large ratio markers and to estimate the best efficiencies on many fabric widths during pre-production. Efficiencies are said to be comparable to manually placing pieces in the CAD system (approximately 1 to 3   per cent difference). Users can start a marker with manual placement and Nest++ will finish the job automatically.Benefits are said to include increases in material efficiency with subsequent decreases in material waste, time and labour savings in making markers; improvements in overall marker quality; tighter markers; avoidance of backlogs during peak periods; and fast, precise cost proposals for clients. FINDINGS After experimentation the GERBER machine, is the best in reducing waste and giving the more efficiency. It is better to install Gerber rather than installing any other experimented CAD machine. Manual should be eliminated as the system is very faulty and old. CONCLUSIONIn manual system the system is used to make maker for garment making is traditional. But in CAD system marker making is done in modern system. Marker efficiencies are not visible in manual system. Other hand, marker efficiency is visible in CAD system. Marker length is not visible in manual system while Marker length is visible in monitor screen at CAD system. In manual, once marker is made, it is not possible to increase its efficiency. But in CAD it is possible to increase the efficiency at any time possible which means that fabric can be saved. In manual if the marker is layed, nothing can be done about it.Marker copying is not possible manually, so it is very time consuming to trace each and every other marker out there. In CAD, by using Plotter as much as possible copy can be done. Manual marker making is very time consuming method whereas, CAD is a faster method. In man ual system quality cannot be assured, sometimes markers can be good other times really faulty but in CAD, it has quality assurance. Even though manual system costing is low, CAD is expensive but the labour cost reduced saves cost in the long terms and since markers can be utilized again and again there is no special need of hiring a professional marker maker to make the atterns and lay them on fabrics. Out of all the CAD system Gerber turned out to be the best since it has an automatic efficiency calculator and it evens shows and tells that this much amount of fabric would be wasted if the efficiency percentage is low. Therefore, apparel industries are recommended to use Gerber as their primary source for making Patterns and makers. APPENDIXES 1. Marker Making Marker is a part of a paper on which the patterns of  all parts of the garments are drawn so that garments can be made by usingminimum quantity of fabric. 2. Marker EfficiencyThe efficiency of marker making means that how ef ficient it is in saving the fabric. 3. Computerized Marker Making Markers which are made through the means of Computer 4. Manual Marker Making Markers which are prepared manually by a trained professional 5. Laying The putting of patterns/makers on the bundles of fabric. 6. Plotter This is in computerized maker making. In plotter line diagrams of patterns or makers are drawn. REFERENCES 1. Garment Construction Skills (Premlata Mullick) 2. Apparel Manufacturing (Sewn Product Analysis) 3. Patternmaking for Gerber Technology (Helen Joseph-armstrong) 4. www. scribd. com/doc/61990320/Marker-Making

Life as a Slave essays

Life as a Slave essays Chained helplessly to hundreds of strangers, I was doomed for a life of slavery. My people and me were shackled together and branded like a herd of cattle. The pain that I felt when the red, hot iron singed my bare skin was excruciating. But, the emotional pain that I experienced was even worse. I would never wish this on anyone, not even my worst enemy. The white men from the New World jerked me up out of my home, ripped me away from my family and friends and threw me into the dark, dirty dungeons of the ship. I searched hopelessly for any trace of my family, but my search was in vain. They were nowhere to be found. While sitting in the rickety, wretched gallows of the ship, I began to recall the tales that I had heard, while in Africa, of these white men and their cruelty. When I first heard these tales, they seemed non-fictional. However, now they had become a gruesome reality. After a few days had passed, my friends and I found ourselves in the fields near a small straw house. The day began like any other day, but ended in a dreadful and horrifying way. While running through the fields, I heard a rustling in the bushes. Reluctantly, I crept to the bushes to find the source of the noise. Without warning a group of white men sprung from behind the bushes and pounced on us. Hastily and uncaringly, they chained us together and led us to three enormous ships near the beach. Before I realized what was happening, I had been separated from the only people I had known. From that point on, anyone who glanced my way could recognize the fear in my eyes immediately and see that I would rather be dead. That leads me back to the gallows of this ship where I remain imprisoned, squeezed into the diminutive darkness with other prisoners like sardines. Rowing relentlessly, we are already fulfilling our fate of becoming a slave. Reaching our destination, one that could be far worse that what we had already experi ...

John Gresham Machen

John Gresham Machen Introduction He is a legendary American theologian and fundamentalist leader. During the last days of his life, his health deteriorated and painfully struggled against the health battle. In December 1936, his cohorts warned him against taking a trip to North Dakota because there was frigid temperature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on John Gresham Machen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He was much determined to encourage the faithful members of the movement, which he had founded and was under immense criticisms. He had many sleepless nights worrying about the future of that movement after the defection of a great portion of membership (Stonehouse 75). His desire to stay on course compelled him to take a risk of defying the effects by foul weather to his ill-health. He ignored every deterrent to his travelling that his cohorts posed yet they were trying to protect him against the worst health conditions. He also deman ded that they proceed to Carson and Leith where he intended to meet with the members of his association, but it was noted that his health condition had started to grow worse. Surprisingly, he did not halt the journey complaining of his health rather he kept them awake with humorous stories on their way. Unfortunately, his cold rapidly became pleurisy, and the team was implored to halt their journey. They turned back seeking for medical help and, despite his illustrious agony, he said that he would not die because of much work that lied ahead of him. His agony increased compelling them to call a doctor, but he still had the strength to maintain a conversational engagement with them (Stonehouse 78). He was diagnosed for pleurisy, but his health condition seemed to grow wearier with time. They took him for further medical attention in a Roman Catholic hospital where he was admitted. Doctors changed their diagnosis from pleurisy to pneumonia, and despite the struggle he was going throug h his mind was stuck to his mission. He sent some telegraph messages to members of his association in Philadelphia and energy believed could have saved him if he committed it to the fight against illness. Early morning on January 1, 1937, he experienced some periods of lucidity and unconsciousness. At a certain interval of consciousness, he wrote a telegram with the help of a colleague that proved to his colleagues to have been his last word to the faithful. The telegram read: â€Å"I am so thankful for the active obedience of Christ. No hope without it† (Hart, ‘Doctor Fundamentalis† 64). Immediately after the telegraph was written his body became so weak that it could not withstand the rigors that had been experiencing (Hart, â€Å"Doctor Fundamentalis† 65). He remained in that poor condition for the whole day and at around 7:30 p.m. his soul departed for eternal rest.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Early life John Gresham Machen was born on July 28, 1881 to Arthur Machen and Mary Jones. He was the second born among three sons and his parents were staying in Baltimore, Maryland by the time of his birth. His was then aged forty five and mother was aged thirty four. Stonehouse posits â€Å"Arthur was born in Virginia, trained in Harvard as a lawyer and his interests were deeply rooted in classical traditions of ancient south† (134). He was good in literature and loved reading and learning new skills. For instance, he read works of Thucydides, Caesar, Greek New Testament, French literature, English literature, and Horace. In addition, he had written some detective and short stories some which won prizes and put him through Harvard law school. Astonishingly, he learnt Italian at eighties claiming to do it for the sake of fun. Gresham’s mother Mary Jones was born in Georgia. She was twenty one years young er than Arthur Machen by the time the two got married. She schooled at Wesleyan College where he gained the experience as an author after issuing The Bible in Browning in 1903. Moreover, while the husband was an, â€Å"Episcopalian, she opted to be a Presbyterian, and she taught her son shorter version and Westminster Catechism at his tender age â€Å" (hart, â€Å"Doctor Fundamentalis† 66). Gresham appreciated his close relatives but spent most of his early days with the mother. This explains the source of his passionate religious influence to the extent of forming religious movements (Hart, â€Å"Defending the Faith† 67). The Machen’s kin exhibited a sturdy association with the southern classicism, as well as, Victorianism. His parents were sturdily cultured, affluent and pious Christian faithful. They attended Franklin Street Presbyterian Church in their hometown, Baltimore. The church formed a part of the congregation of southern Presbyterian Church that was aligned with the Old School Presbyterianism of rather conservatism. His mother played a prominent role in Gresham’s acquaintance of Christian knowledge through religious training at home (Calhoun 87). Despite him going for catechism classes at Westminster, his mother obliged him to commit to memory all the teachings as well as the Kings of Israel. That formed a strong foundation of his biblical and theological knowledge. At the age of fourteen years, Gresham decided to be a follower of Christ and he started attending for church services in Franklin Street Church. Also, he developed a love for reformed faith across denominations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on John Gresham Machen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Education Life As a young boy, Gresham was privileged to attend private school. Private schools were assumed to be for the rich although his parents were financially stable. He was a bright stude nt and his good performance in high school level enabled him to secure an opportunity at Johns Hopkins University in 1898. The university was in his neighborhood and was well known for scholarships. He did entrance examination whose results proved him deserving of a scholarship that was awarded to him (Hart, â€Å"Defending the Faith† 69). Basil Gildersleeve who was his professor, a leading scholar in United States and a member of Franklin Street Church, mentored him. He learned Latin, rhetoric and English literature and Greek while in the university. Basil Gildersleeve always emphasized on the need for interpretation and translation of texts to other languages making Gresham’s knowledge of other languages beneficial (Stonehouse 87). His minister Harris E. Kirk had suggested to him that he joins the ministry because he was a devout Christian, but he refused. His refusal was initially seen to have been because of his excellent graduate studies and desire to pursue furt her studies. Notwithstanding his negative response, Gresham signed up at the Princeton theological seminary and pursued his studies in an indiscriminate manner. Gresham did not undertake subjects that focused on homiletics and Old Testament during his first year. He termed the subjects as iniquity invention. He loved dealing with the New Testament and worked closely with B.B. Warfield, who just like him, believed that consistency is the easiest to defend thus becoming a conservative Christian faithful (Hart, â€Å"Defending the Faith† 76). He took courses in Princeton University for master’s degree though he involved himself with social activities of the seminary. He used to dine at Benham Club because people from there knew him for his stunts. His fellow students and social colleagues had known him for liveliness, good humor, and a fanatic of Princeton’s football team thereby attending football games most of which were campus games. Gresham later went to Marbu rg to pursue graduate studies after declining an offer to lecture at Princeton Seminary. He studied under Wilhelm Herrmann who bewildered him by his theological liberalism. He felt much liberalism to Christianity in the mind of his professor, William Herrmann, making him grow defensive against the faith he had been used. This made him appreciate Princeton Seminary and the professors who had taught him. He was offered one year opportunity to offer tutorials at Princeton Seminary and agreed to take it (Calhoun 87).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Life as an Instructor at Princeton Hart posits, â€Å"In 1906, Gresham returned to Alexander Hall and continued to take his meals in Benham Club†¦students seemed not to like his elective course and complained to his mother over the issue† (Defending the Faith 85). With time, he became the best teacher in faculty, and as a result his dropped his dream to pursue PhD degree in Germany. He was strict in grading and teaching with a goal to help students acquire the right knowledge and skills (Hart, â€Å"Defending the Faith† 89). In 1909, some students submitted their grievances to the board of directors claiming that they needed a modernized curriculum. A strong rebellion attracted the newspapers coverage when the administration refused to change the curriculum in favor of the students. Gresham sided with the administration since he believed that conservative Christianity is the best defense against religious rebellion (Calhoun 87). His support for the administration proved his maturity to the administration since he had recently gone through the same curriculum that students protested against. He later wrote three articles: â€Å"The Hymns of the First Chapter of Luke†, â€Å"The Origin of First Two Chapters of Luke†, and, â€Å"The Virgin Birth in the Second Century†. They were published in 1912 by the seminary as Princeton Theological Review. Calhoun alleges, â€Å"He also helped in developing articles â€Å"Jesus and Paul† up to the volume that seminary published in the celebration of its centennial† (75). He later published several articles in most of which he used critical arguments and utilized critical arguments (Calhoun 76). Life as a Minister and Professor On November 3, 1913, at age thirty two, Gresham was put under the care of southern Presbyterian in Baltimore and was licensed on April 22, 1914. He was not comfortable staying under southern presbytery and that rendered him to getting ordained by N orthern Presbyterian church on June 23, 1914 in New Brunswick. Faculty of seminary appointed him as an assistant Professor of New Testament, a month prior to his ordination. Additionally, he went ahead and compiled a book that accounted for the beginning of Apostle Paul’s creed. The book was made public in 1921. In the book, he responded to intellectuals who had held that Apostle Paul altered the teachings of Jesus by alleging that his restoration was the beginning of faith. Hart claims, â€Å"The book was received well by conservative Presbyterians and had many reviews in the newspapers and magazines, across the country† (Defending the Faith 76). Calhoun, David. Princeton Seminary:The Majestic Testimony, 1869-1929. New York: Banner of Truth, 1996. Print. Hart, Darryl. Doctor Fundamentalis. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, 1988. Print. . Defending the Faith: J. Gresham Machen and the Crisis of Conservative Protestantism in Modern America. New York: Barker Publ ishing, 1994. Print. Stonehouse, Ned. Gresham Machen: A Biographical Memoir. Philadelphia: Westminster Theological Seminary, 1978. Print.

The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) by Victor Hugo

The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) by Victor Hugo Count Frollo, Quasimodo, and Esmeralda are quite possibly the most twisted, most bizarre, and most unexpected love-triangle in literary history.  And if their problematic involvement with one another is not enough, throw-in Esmeralda’s philosopher husband, Pierre, and her unrequited love-interest, Phoebus, not to mention the self-isolated mother-in-mourning with a sad history of her own, and Frollo’s younger, trouble-making brother Jehan, and finally the various kings, burgesses, students, and thieves, and suddenly we have an epic history in the making. The Leading Role The main character, as it turns out, is not Quasimodo or Esmeralda, but Notre-Dame itself.  Almost all of the major scenes in the novel, with a few exceptions (such as Pierre’s presence at the Bastille) take place at or in view of/reference to the great cathedral. Victor Hugo’s primary purpose is not to present the reader with a heart-rending love story, nor is it necessarily to comment on social and political systems of the time; the main purpose is a nostalgic view of a diminishing Paris, one which puts its architecture and architectural history in the forefront and which laments the loss of that high art.   Hugo is clearly concerned with the public’s lack of commitment toward preserving the rich architectural and artistic history of Paris, and this purpose comes across directly, in chapters about the architecture specifically, and indirectly, through the narrative itself. Hugo is concerned with one character above all in this story, and that is the cathedral.  While other characters have interesting backgrounds and do develop slightly over the course of the story, none seem truly round.  This is a minor point of contention because though the story may have a loftier sociological and artistic purpose, it loses something by not also working completely as a stand-alone narrative.   One can certainly empathize with Quasimodo’s dilemma, for instance, when he finds himself caught between the two loves of his life, Count Frollo  and Esmeralda.  The sub-story relating to the mourning  woman who has locked herself in a cell, weeping over a child’s shoe is also moving, but ultimately unsurprising.  Count Frollo’s descent from learned man and upstanding caregiver is not entirely unbelievable, but it still seems sudden and quite dramatic.   These subplots suit the Gothic element of the story nicely and also parallel Hugo’s analysis of science versus religion physical art versus linguistics, yet the characters seem flat in relation to the overall attempt by Hugo to re-instill, through means of Romanticism, a renewed passion for the Gothic era. In the end, the characters and their interactions are interesting and, at times, moving and hilarious.  The reader can engage with and, to a certain extent, believe them, but they are not perfect characters. What moves this story along so well, even through chapters such as â€Å"A Bird’s Eye View of Paris† which is, literally, a textual description of the city of Paris as if looking at it from on high and in all directions, is Hugo’s great ability at crafting words, phrases and sentences.   Although inferior to Hugo’s masterpiece, Les Misà ©rables (1862), one thing the two have in common is richly beautiful and workable prose.  Hugo’s sense of humor (especially sarcasm and irony) is well developed and leaps across the page. His Gothic elements are appropriately dark, even surprisingly so at times. Adapting a Classic What is most interesting about Hugo’s Notre-Dame de Paris is that everyone knows the story, but few really know the story.  There have been numerous adaptations of this work, for film, theater, television, etc.  Most people are probably familiar with the story through various retellings in children’s books or movies (i.e. Disney’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame).  Those of us who are only familiar with this story as told through the grapevine are led to believe that it is a tragic Beauty and the Beast type love-story, where true love rules in the end.  This explanation of the tale could not be further from the truth. Notre-Dame de Paris  is first and foremost a story about art, mainly, architecture. It is a romanticizing  of the Gothic period and a study of the movements which brought together traditional art forms and oratory with the novel idea of a printing press. Yes, Quasimodo and Esmeralda are there and their story is a sad one and yes, Count Frollo turns out to be a downright despicable antagonist; but, ultimately, this, like Les Misà ©rables  is more than a story about its characters; it is a story about the whole history of Paris and about the absurdities of the caste system.   This may be the first novel where beggars and thieves are cast as the protagonists and also the first novel in which the entire societal structure of a nation, from King to peasant, is present. It is also one of the first and most prominent works to feature a structure (the Cathedral of Notre-Dame) as the main character. Hugo’s approach would influence Charles Dickens, Honorà ©Ã‚  de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, and other sociological â€Å"writers of the people.† When one thinks of writers who are geniuses at fictionalizing the history of a people, the first who comes to mind might be Leo Tolstoy, but Victor Hugo certainly belongs in the conversation.

Form Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Form - Essay Example Student ratings are sensitive to a wide variety of situational factors. For example, student anonymity should be protected otherwise less than candid responses are likely because of the students’ fear that an adverse rating might negatively impact their course grade (www.oid.ucla.edu). This aspect is taken care of in the CIEQ Form 15 under consideration here. However, in addition to the information provided at the top of p.3 of Form 15 viz., â€Å"Your instructor will not see†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦until after final grades are in etc.,† the students should be advised to print their response so as to minimize the chance of identification through handwriting. Furthermore, to ensure confidentiality of the student evaluators, the evaluation should not be conducted by the instructors or TAs nor should they be present when the evaluation is conducted. A responsible student should be assigned the job of distributing the questionnaires, collecting the completed forms, and delivering them to the department office (www.oid.ucla.edu). The effectiveness of the evaluation will improve if the questionnaire is designed to evaluate both quantitatively (using evaluative scales) and qualitatively (through narrative comments) (Davis, http://teaching.berkeley.edu). The CIEQ Form 15 does provide for both types of evaluation. However, the quantitative part of the Form (p.1) is a jumble of repetitive questions. For instance, Question #1, â€Å"It was a very worthwhile course,† Q#6 â€Å"NOT much was gained by taking this course† and Q#15 â€Å"This was one of my poorest courses,† all seek to evaluate the same aspect. Similarly, Q#4 â€Å"The course material was too difficult† is no different from #8 â€Å"The course material seemed worthwhile.† Again, there is this old wine (from Q#7 â€Å"I would have preferred another method of teaching in this course†) in a new bottle (Q#12 â€Å"I learn more when other teaching methods are used†)! Q#5 â€Å"It

Should Nuclear Power Be Revived in California and the United States Research Paper - 1

Should Nuclear Power Be Revived in California and the United States - Research Paper Example On attaining a wealth of information from the US senate, senator Domenici indicated that human development is the creation of a surrounding where individuals can establish their maximum potential, as humans are considered the real wealth of the world; indeed, human development supersedes economic growth. The fact remains that we need energy to not only drive our industries, but also support our current trends of living. Lack of electricity has been identified as one of the perpetrators of poverty. In 1999, the United States was noted to consume approximately 25 percent of the world’s energy. Nevertheless, high consumption of electricity indicates the ever-changing lifestyle in United States’ growing population. Nuclear power generation as a way of diversifying the sources of electricity generation can not only free up fossil fuel, but also ensure the uses have no other substitutes. The result of use of nuclear power is a cleaner environment, creation of more job opportu nities and maximum use of available raw material. According to Sir Ingham, based on rational discourse, nuclear power should be viewed based as the foundation of man’s sustainable power that has no offence to the surrounding environment (Domenici, Lyons and Steyn, 2004, p. 182, 183 & 184). Increase in population brings about high demand of energy. This high demand of energy hence forces the country to import energy, which could lead to political instability and lack of cost control. According to Domenici, Lyons and Steyn (2004), reliance of imported energy has been predicted to rise from 50 percent to 70 percent in the decades to come within the European countries. Heavy reliance of imported energy may have negative global impact and hence United States should have an equilibrium energy policy that incorporates healthy reliance on nuclear power in order to suppress the ever-increasing competition of fossil fuel supply in the decades to come.  Increase in population brings a bout high demand of energy. This high demand of energy hence forces the country to import energy, which could lead to political instability and lack of cost control.

Study case S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study case S - Essay Example ion Safety Administration (NHTSA) is a vital stakeholder as government agency who has the duty to see that road transports maintain high standard of transports and transport maintenance that promotes safe transportation. Basically, there are many stakeholders involved along the supply chain from manufactures to the end users as outlined above. The two pillars that have been broken by Imperial Tyres Sales are the trustworthiness and responsibility. The company has abused the trust of its customers who expected goods of high standard that would be safe to use. The notion of trustworthiness posits that when we someone is trusted, he is given a leeway by others because they do not feel the y need contract assurances that the same person will meet his obligations. It involves being honesty, integrity, reliability as well as loyalty. However, these elements of the pillar of trustworthiness have been broken as a result of low quality products that were supplied by HangZhemHai. ITS’s actions have also been against honest communication with the law and federal agency who should have been informed about the inferior quality of the tyres. They have also shown crass disregard for professional integrity by looking for their self interest at the cost of its customers’ safety. The pillar of trustworthiness has been broken by these two as their actions did not put into consideration the people’s safety. On the other hand, the pillar of responsibility has been broken by Hang Zhem Hai Rubbers by not upholding the expected standards of producing quality products that would be safe to be used by the consumers. The pillar of responsibility states that we should be accountable for our actions by always striving to pursue excellence. HZH has not been responsible in its actions for not putting enough gum stripes in its tires. HZH has been extremely indifferent to the fact that their low quality of tyres could be potentially dangerous to the safety of human life. In actual fact it

Answer for few Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answer for few Questions - Assignment Example The rate of criminalization was high in African Americans which lead to black power movement. In 1964, the Black power movement became the civil rights movement as the Democratic Party declined to seat Black Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) (Gilmore, 1998.pp.175). When Black Americans realized the fact that there was no hope for them to obtain equal rights as White Americans, this issue then became the cause of major disorders and riots all over the land. Racism has played an important role in making the criminal history of the United States of America. The inequality in terms of economic rights and social rights caused the Black Americans to become violent. The white people were the true players who fought battles against people of color and different races. Surplus The essential fact behind this crime scene was that moral panic was greater than the crime. There are many crises which combined and resulted in the form of prisons and prisoner. There are social crisis and ec onomic crisis. The history of the crimes and prisons has roots indeed. The United States had the surplus ideology in the name of defence. Whether it was a conflict against Native Americans or the anti-capitalist movements there have been many crises in the history of the United States. During the period of 1970s the nation faced depression and there were surplus of crisis. The consequences of 1973-7 recession were combined with the surplus of 1981-4 recession and again in 1990-4. (Gilmore, 1998. pp 177). Prison Industrial Complex The Prison Industrial complex is the term first used by activist and the scholars to refuse the common thought that the increased rate of crime is the reason of constructing prisons. They argue that the main causes of the increased population of these prisons are profits and racism. There is exploitation of prisoners and the prisons by the big corporations, government and the communities (Davis, 2003.pp. 84). The 13th Amendment The thirteenth Amendment to t he United States constitution officially outlaws slavery except as punishment for crime (Davis, 2003.pp. 23). On April 8, 1864, it was passed by the senate and adopted on December 6, 1865. There was a history of slavery in the United States and it was abolished later, but the concept was so prominent that white abolitionists even found it difficult to imagine Black people equal. After the abolition of slavery, its effects on the society were still present in the forms of lynching and segregation. There is a relation of prisons to the slavery, segregation and lynching because all these social institutions like prison were considered as everlasting as sun. It can be clearly observed that slavery resulted due to racism and there is several evidence of prisons working as racist institutions and they are obsolete, whereas racial discrimination is also observed inside the prison walls and among prisoners. We just consider racism in terms of black and white, but we ignore racism in term am ong colored people. After the September 9, 2011, the mass of people were arrested who were Middle Eastern, South Asian and mainly Muslims. So, the question arises are prisons racist institutions? If it is the case, then like racism the prisons are also obsolete. Prisons are a â€Å"geographical solution to socioeconomic problems†

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Final Project - Essay Example Holy Crap was also intended to be a cereal for emergency kits because of its healthy nutritional content and long shelf-life but the consumer does not want it to be a mere survival kit but a cereal breakfast. Holy Crap started at farmers markets and sales were slow at first. In 2010, they made $58,000 and the brand was originally called Hapi. Until they changed the name to Holy Crap, the CRAP stood for its components which are the combination of apple and cinnamon or C.R.A.P. Their phenomenal sales growth online were first doubted by Paypal to be a scammed that their payments were given in small dollops. Today, Holy Crap is now a reputable company and is now going global as is now setting up distribution to at least 11 countries and thousands of stores. The article of Troy White illustrated the trend in marketing that by just changing the brand name that is catchy, sales will tremendously increase. This was the experience of Corin and Brian Mullins that their sales increased to 1,000% just by changing the name of their cereal from HapiFoods which is not exactly a sexy sounding name according to Corin Mullin to Holy Crap. At first she was adamant with the brand but when sales increased from 10 bags a day to 10 bags a minute, she is now selling Holy Crap Cereals. Summary: In this article by small businessbc, it showed where the trend of Holy Crap in the near future considering their phenomenal growth. They are going to sell their cereals around the world with the very best stores via licensing agreements,† says.   The expansion will involve duplicating the company’s prototype facility and employment plan around the world to create local jobs and development opportunities in smaller communities. The article also narrated the evolution of the product from a mere survival kit to a fast selling cereal product. a) What stage of the product life cycle is Holy Crap Cereal in? Discuss the Marketing Objective, Competition,

What do you think he would have said is the mission assigned to the Essay

What do you think he would have said is the mission assigned to the people of the United States by God in 2010 - Essay Example His teachings mainly revolved around human rights and reduction of social injustices. He was more of a voice of the poor and wanted political parties to not to include church for their own personal interests (Brockman). According to a survey it was seen that 55% people of U.S.are true followers of religion still many a times conflicts are seen between the government of U.S, churches and other religious groups regarding the actual meaning of Christianity and religious freedom. It has been observed that people may believe in God but they do not remember the actual teachings of Jesus. When we talk about what Romero would say to the people of America regarding their mission by God then it would be spread to a large number of areas because today America has lost its way not only in forgetting the principles of humanity, social justice and equality but they have also forgotten to share happiness and love with each other. Today in U.S., it is seen that people are not much keen to celebrate the holy occasions. If he was living today he would have definitely invited people to celebrate these occasions for they were set by God with the aim to remember the sacrifice their ancestors did in the name of religion. He in his first pastoral letter had invited the Salvadorans to celebrate Easter as it was the coming of the Holy Spirit of love and truth. He would have also called upon the churches existing in America to identify the importance of Easter, for Easter was born from the side of the Christ. Also, reminding them about the main elements of Church which are to create community drenched in love for Christ, accept his preaching and to support Church and the grace of Easter (Romero, The Easter Church). He believed that if Church acts the right way the whole nation can be brought back on the right path. He always wanted church to concentrate on purifying the hearts of people and helping those who

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Final Project - Essay Example Holy Crap was also intended to be a cereal for emergency kits because of its healthy nutritional content and long shelf-life but the consumer does not want it to be a mere survival kit but a cereal breakfast. Holy Crap started at farmers markets and sales were slow at first. In 2010, they made $58,000 and the brand was originally called Hapi. Until they changed the name to Holy Crap, the CRAP stood for its components which are the combination of apple and cinnamon or C.R.A.P. Their phenomenal sales growth online were first doubted by Paypal to be a scammed that their payments were given in small dollops. Today, Holy Crap is now a reputable company and is now going global as is now setting up distribution to at least 11 countries and thousands of stores. The article of Troy White illustrated the trend in marketing that by just changing the brand name that is catchy, sales will tremendously increase. This was the experience of Corin and Brian Mullins that their sales increased to 1,000% just by changing the name of their cereal from HapiFoods which is not exactly a sexy sounding name according to Corin Mullin to Holy Crap. At first she was adamant with the brand but when sales increased from 10 bags a day to 10 bags a minute, she is now selling Holy Crap Cereals. Summary: In this article by small businessbc, it showed where the trend of Holy Crap in the near future considering their phenomenal growth. They are going to sell their cereals around the world with the very best stores via licensing agreements,† says.   The expansion will involve duplicating the company’s prototype facility and employment plan around the world to create local jobs and development opportunities in smaller communities. The article also narrated the evolution of the product from a mere survival kit to a fast selling cereal product. a) What stage of the product life cycle is Holy Crap Cereal in? Discuss the Marketing Objective, Competition,

Define and discuss the relationship between language variation, Essay

Define and discuss the relationship between language variation, language attitudes and linguistic discrimination, drawing on specific examples from past research - Essay Example To this end the paper will examine the relationship between language variation, language attitudes and linguistic discrimination. In order to attain this end, the following objectives will be explored: Language variation is the â€Å"differences in systems of a language that result from historical, geographic, social and fundamental changes. This affects a dialect and divides up a language to sub-groups†1. Language variation therefore signifies the ways and systems through which people who speak the same language vary the way they speak and convey ideas and communication through a peculiar or specific approach to conveying their messages. Language variation therefore hinges on the fact that different people have different approaches and different processes of presenting their information and message and this varies from person to person. In throwing more light on the essence of language variation, Thomson identifies that â€Å"language is a historical entity. It is intended to communication ideas and concepts. Variations are persuasive and change with time†2. Thomson’s view of language variation has to do with the fact that language is meant to present ideas and concepts. And within time and space, these concepts and ideas might vary and change as per the changes and modifications in the society. Hence, there are different variations and different approaches and processes through which this communication is carried out and through which different people have and build different views on presenting their ideas and concepts. To add more explanations to this, it can be said that homogeneity in society and in perceptions in the human race is fiction3. This implies that language, which is a product of the wider society within which people lives is bound to be as heterogeneous as the society within which it is used. Therefore, linguistic variation allows linguistics to study about the different versions and different processes that influences and

How the Town of Maycomb Strongly Demonstrates Social Iniquity Essay Example for Free

How the Town of Maycomb Strongly Demonstrates Social Iniquity Essay People can be unfair, unjust, and downright cruel. In the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, there is a good demonstration by the members of Maycomb’s society of the theme of social iniquity that has very strong supporting evidence towards this opinion. Many different acts are shown to price the county of Maycomb is biased and unfair to its members. It proves things are not as they seem considering the fact that the county of Maycomb is a very proper and ‘classy’ group of people, to some extent. But, as many people read, they notice there are hidden things involved in this ‘not so proper’ place. People in Maycomb are biased towards others based on their colour, job, age, gender, age or family. In more than one way are people discriminated and treated differently due to these aspects of them. Examples that are shown in the novel of social inequity the difference in treatment from a white man compared to a black man, the missionary circle or the different age groups in Maycomb. In the county, there are a group of ladies that like to get together and ‘talk’ about situations that go on in Maycomb and get each other’s input on each of the situations that are brought up. They like to call themselves the missionary circle. Some people think that this group is just a group built to gossip. â€Å"I heard Mrs. Grace Merriweather giving her report in the living room on the equalled lives of the mrunas, it sounded to me. They put the women out in huts when their time came, whatever that was; they had no sense of family- I knew that’d distress Aunty.† (Lee, 121). This quote is simply just an example of what the missionary circle talks about. They find different topics and news about the county and gather around at different locations to talk about it, acting as if they are a club. They all have  different opinions, sometimes belittling different figures or characters in the novel. Some of the opinions given from the members reflect upon other members opinions of situations or characters making some opinions bias. Some of the things said by the missionary circle’s members can be untrue. Since the characters or figures that are being spoken about are not there to defend or give their point of view, this makes the judgement unfair. â€Å"I tell you there are some good but misguided people in the town. Good but misguided.† (124). This quote is in reference to Atticus. Some people could say this quote has a significant impact on this novel because it opens the discussion of the group up to different people in the town and the judgement, sometimes false, that they get from people. Everyone has their own opinions of others, sometimes their opinion is part of someone else’s. The missionary circle’s members are socially high in the rankings from the opinions of others. They tend to be the ‘popular’ group in Maycomb which is why Alexandra wanted to join the group in the first place. The members of the missionary circle consider themselves fine upstanding Christian women of Maycomb. The missionary circle talks about different people in Maycomb and where they are ranked in the social standards to their perspective. The black people of Maycomb tend to be a topic the group talks about and most of the rest of the county. In the novel, people tend to make it seem as though black people are treated very poorly compared to white people. White people think they are better than them and consider it a crime if a black man beats a white man in any way shape or form. This is when Tom Robinson comes into play. He is a huge aspect of the book. He is put into trial for supposedly raping Mayella Ewell. When the court date comes, the information gathered from both sides point to Tom as being innocent. Many people suspect Mr. Bob Ewell was the man that beat Mayella for coming to a black man. Evidence suggest that Tom Robinson only losses his case because of his colour. Even in the courtroom, people are divided by their colour and class. The black people of the crowd have to sit on the balcony while the white folk sit on the floor. This is  discrimination against the black race. They are treated differently than the white people because of false and prejudice judgement and opinions of others. â€Å"A white man’s word against a black man’s word, the white man always wins.†(Lee, 243) This quote is a significant piece of evidence that represents the injustice and biased treatment against black people in Maycomb. This can also demonstrate the fact of how Maycomb tends to be bias towards characteristics of people or families that are out of their control such as age, gender, wealth, race or even your family. Everything the people in Maycomb are is based upon these factors that are out of their control. Atticus tells Scout â€Å"It’s not okay to hate anybody.† (pg. 246). This quote is significant because Atticus is trying to tell Scout that you can’t not like anyone for no reason. He is telling her not to judge a book by its cover. He could be suggesting giving everyone a chance before you give them a negative judgement. In a way, Atticus is trying to navigate Scout away from the common disease in Maycomb of false judgement unlike the rest of Maycomb. Not many people see how they are unfair to each other but it tends to stand out to Atticus which is why he tries to treat people fairly. Atticus also tries teaching Jem and Scout to be respectful to elders and the adults in Maycomb. There are different cases for different people that are older that the kids don’t understand and Atticus is trying to make them appreciate them without telling them their situations. In the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, the role of adults is huge. When Scout first goes to school, her first teacher, Mrs. Caroline Fisher, doesn’t know the customs of the county so she   assumes something about the Cunningham’s family. She doesn’t know that the Cunningham’s don’t take anything they couldn’t pay back so it seemed as though she got offended when Walter didn’t take the quarter. Everyone in the class knows what the Cunningham’s are like so when this happens, the class reacted surprised. Mrs. Fisher did not show an act of false judgement which shows that things change in Maycomb. Over time, people begin to look at different situations a bias way due to the perspectives of others. She also  doesn’t like the fact that Scout can read. It seems as though she was discouraged by a child’s knowledge and didn’t know how to react towards it. â€Å"Jem and I hated her. If she was on the porch when we passed, we would be raked by her wrathful gaze, subjected to ruthless interrogation regarding our behavior, and given a melancholy prediction on what we would amount to when we grew up, which was always nothing.† (Lee, 13). This quote shows the false judgement on Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose on the children. Most of the adults in Maycomb do not fully respect Jem and Scout. This is because of their age; something they cannot control. People treat them differently based on this because nobody stands up for them except themselves. The adults have no reason to follow along in someone else’s footsteps in this aspect because no one is making the footsteps for anyone to follow in. Stephanie Crawford even told me once she woke up in the middle of the night and found him looking in the window at her. I said what did you do, Stephanie, move over in the bed and make room for him? That shut her up a while. (48). The meaning of this quote could be interpreted many different ways. Mrs. Maudie is saying this about Boo Radley. He is a very mysterious man. Many people in the town have made false accusations about him, not knowing who he truly is, not even what he looks like. Boo is considered a complete outcast to Maycomb. It is as though he doesn’t exist. People don’t even put the initiative to get to know Boo Radley because if they did, they would be considered weird. Mrs. Maudie is, in a way, sticking up for Boo because she doesn’t believe in false judgement. This is Mrs. Maudie showing the opposite of what most adults in Maycomb. People in Maycomb tend to follow other people. This is when a movement happens. The movement in the novel, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† is social iniquity because of the decisions made upon the citizens in Maycomb. In a way, the missionary circle is a group of people looking for followers in order to continue their ‘club’ and stream of gossip. People in Maycomb discriminate different people due to their race. This is why black man is considered to be less than a white man in Maycomb’s social standards. It is a cruel judgement which is why everyone should be given a fair chance before they are given a label. People also judge people by their age. All of these  discriminating factors are things you cannot control. It is downright cruel and unfair. Social inequity is something quite simple that should be fixed. Many crucial factors in the novel end up being decided by discrimination. Most people in Maycomb don’t want to break the trend of discrimination and start a new movement by standing up for what is right. It could be very easy to fix. Why carry it on? There isn’t a point. People just end up being punished or judged due to these factors which isn’t right. People shouldn’t be judged on aspects of themselves that they can’t control. Don’t be a follower, be a leader.

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

The death penalty is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment, and violates the right to life. It's hard for me as a Swede to understand that a country such as USA still have that kind of punishment. For many people and nations the USA serves as a model, so it is to me very difficult to imagine how you can persuade nations like Burma and China to respect basic human rights when you don't do it yourself. Body A. Concerning the Death Penalty Capital punishment -- the death penalty -- is supposed to select the worst criminals who committed the worst murders and punish them and protect society by taking their lives. In numbers far beyond our greatest fears, innocent people are being convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Nationally, more than 75 innocent people have been freed from death row in the last 20 years. Here in Illinois alone, we've executed 12 and we've exonerated 11. That's almost a 50% error rate on the most fundamental question of guilt or innocence. B. The poor are often represented by incompetent or underfunded lawyers. Some people are on death row not because they committed the worst crimes, but because they had the worst lawyers. In Illinois, as in most places, there are no minimum standards for death penalty defense work. Any lawyer can defend a client in a capital case, with no experience. There is some very good lawyering going on in death penalty cases in Illinois, but there's also some very bad lawyering. C. The death penalty is e...